Introduction In the historical literature, there is a strong opinion that in every ulus-principality of the Yenisei Kirghiz in the XVII century there were fortress towns that served "as a refuge during wars. This, apparently, was their main purpose" [Abdykalykov, 1968, p. 8]. S. V. Bakhrushin, for example, argued that "nomads who did not have a permanent place of residence, the Kyrgyz, in case of danger, had fortified shelters where, when traveling against enemies, they sheltered their wives, children and flocks. This was a prison not far from the mouth of the Abakan (here and further my italics. - V. D.), where in times of military danger "for the fortress and fear of Kirghiz people and other different families sent their wives and children, horses and cattle, and all sorts of bellies." They even had their own "stone town " on Yuse" [1955, p. 4]. 183]. He is echoed by A. Abdykalykov: "... the presence of Kyrgyz" towns " Russian service people have reported more than once. One of the reports said: "We took three towns from them" " [1968, p. 8]. In the work of L. R. Kyzlasov and K. G. Kopkoev, the list of Kyrgyz "towns" was expanded: "In the Khakass country at that time there were certain supporting residences of princes - stone fortresses - "towns" and even wooden prisons, where the population went in case of military danger. Sources mention not only the "White Stone City" - the residence and capital of the "Big Kyrgyz" of the XVII century at the confluence of the White and Black Iyusov, but also the "stone town" on the White Iyusov, "stone town below the Sydy River", a town on the Yenik River in the Kizil land, "Kyrgyz prison" near the Krasnoyarsk prison. In the campaign of 1616, Tomsk service men stormed three fortress towns ("the Kirghiz people, and the Kyzyl and Bugasar three towns were whipped"). The fortress was also located on Tagyr Island, located on the Yenisei River near the mouth of Abakan (now Tatar Island). As stated in one document, in this fortress du ... Read more