The Relevance of Immanuel Kant's Ideas in the Treatise "Perpetual Peace" Philosophical project as a response to a political crisis Immanuel Kant's treatise "Perpetual Peace" (1795) emerged not in an intellectual vacuum but as an immediate response to the Basel Peace Treaty, which concluded the phase of revolutionary wars. However, the work went far beyond the immediate concerns of the day, proposing a universal normative model of international relations based not on force but on law and morality. In the 21st century, in the era of hybrid conflicts, global crises, and the revision of the foundations of the liberal world order, Kant's ideas gain new resonance, serving as an exemplary coordinate system for analyzing modern international institutions. Structure of the treatise: from prohibitions to the ideal Kant constructs his treatise on the model of an international treaty, which in itself is a philosophical irony and a methodological approach. His argumentation consists of two parts: preliminary and definitive articles. Preliminary articles contain prohibitions without which peace is impossible: refusal of secret reserve clauses in treaties, prohibition on the purchase or inheritance of states, gradual liquidation of permanent armies. Today we see how the violation of these basic prohibitions (such as the use of "hybrid" armies or territorial annexation) leads to the escalation of distrust and conflicts, confirming their fundamental importance. Definitive articles formulate positive conditions: republican government of states, foundation of a federation of free states (not a world government), ensuring "universal citizenship". It is precisely these principles that lie at the foundation of modern international law and such organizations as the United Nations and the European Union. Republicanism as the basis of peace: democratic peace The first definitive principle of Kant states that the civil constitution of every state must be republican. Kant understood rep ... Read more