The Qur'an, which contains the direct speech of Allah addressed to the Prophet Muhammad and, through him, to all people, is not only the only true Scripture and Holy Book for Muslims, but also the most important reference point in their spiritual life, ritual life, as well as the focus of artistic principles. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, the caliphs began to rule the community, but soon the question of the right to inherit power led to strife, as a result of which Islam split into Shiites and Sunnis. The Shiite trend soon became popular among the newly converted Persian Muslims, which later led to the adoption of Shiism in Iran as the state religion. Fundamental differences in Shiism and Sunnism have determined the basic principles of Islamic art in Iran. Iranian art, like any other, reflected the aesthetic views of its time, developing a special artistic system for imaginative reflection of reality. What were the aesthetic views underlying Iranian and, more broadly, Muslim visual arts? Keywords: Islam, Iran, calligraphic ornament, floral ornament, ceramics. The Qur'an does not explicitly say anything about the visual arts. The depiction of living beings was clearly frowned upon by the Muslim Orthodox, which was expressed in a well-known hadith, where it is said that misfortune will befall the one who portrays a living being, since on the day of Judgment he will be required to give the image a soul, but he will not be able to do this. Islam strictly forbade the image of the deity. Idols, sculptural images of ancient tribal gods were considered a delusion of Satan. On the one hand, any plastic image of God for a Muslim is a deception, an idol, on the other - the Koran speaks about the "face" of God, His "hands", the throne on which He sits. This discrepancy has led to numerous theological disputes, as a result of which it is generally accepted that these descriptions are understandable to ordinary people expressions that have a deep philosophical m ... Читать далее