Polar bears and humans: fragile coexistence on the edge of a melting world Introduction: the Arctic symbol as an indicator of global change The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is not only the largest terrestrial predator on the planet but also a key indicator species of the state of Arctic ecosystems and one of the most charismatic umbrella species, whose protection ensures the preservation of the entire circumpolar environment. The relationship between humans and polar bears has evolved from uncontrolled hunting and confrontation to recognizing the need for protection and complex conflict management. Today, these relations are defined by two main factors: anthropogenic climate change destroying the bear’s habitat and increasing human pressure in the Arctic. Historical context: from extermination to conservation For centuries, the polar bear was an important resource for the indigenous peoples of the North (Chukchi, Eskimos, Nenets)—a source of meat, fat, and skins. Hunting was conducted on the principle of sustainable use, embedded in cultural codes and mythology. The situation radically changed with the arrival of European hunters and explorers in the Arctic in the 18th–20th centuries. Bears were massively shot for their skins and as trophies, leading to a catastrophic population decline. The turning point was the signing in 1973 of the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (Moscow Agreement) by five Arctic states (USSR/Russia, USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland). This was the first international document based on an ecosystem approach. It banned hunting from aircraft and icebreakers, introduced quotas for indigenous peoples, and initiated scientific cooperation. Thanks to it, the global population stabilized and increased from about 10-12 thousand in the 1970s to 22-31 thousand individuals by current estimates (IUCN, 2023). Modern threats: climate and conflicts 1. Loss of sea ice — loss of home The polar bear is a specialized hunter of seals, dependent on ... Read more