Introduction, preparation of the text for publication and comments by M. S. ISAKOVA

MEMORIES OF N.P. OSTROUMOV ABOUT A.L. KUN

Acquaintance of Nikolai Petrovich Ostroumov and Alexander Lyudvigovich Кип, who started their careers in the Turkistan region, was due not so scientific but professional interests. Both orientalists were invited by the Empire authorities to begin Russian education in the region.

The Central State Archive of Uzbekistan has a private fund of the famous orientalist N. Ostroumov. The documents of the fund concern the history of Turkistan. An important part of the documents includes memories, which concern particular events, processes, and people.

The obituary notice of А. Kun on November 22 1888 in the newspaper "Turkistan Gazette" encouraged N. Ostroumov to write his "Memories". The author gives details of career of А. Kun through the prism of his personality. "Memories" by N. Ostroumov reveals the relationships in various social strata and influence of people on events in history.

Keywords: Alexander Ludvigovich Kun, a private fund of N.P. Ostroumov, memories, educational affairs, seminary of teachers, Turkistan region, Orientals, Central State archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The study of archival materials covering the activities of famous personalities has always been in the focus of attention not only of researchers, but also of those who were somewhat interested in local lore or their own genealogy. In the last decade, the priority areas of historical research have included the study of problems of social history, in which the relationship "personality-society - power" is a key object. This publication is dedicated to introducing the memoirs and epistolary legacy of one of the most prominent orientalists of the past.

Being one of the richest repositories of documents on the history of Central Asia, the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan pays special attention to the acquisition of archival funds, in particular from personal collections. To date, the archive contains over 190 personal funds, among which the funds of famous Orientalists are of particular source value: S. M. Gramenitsky, N. G. Mallitsky, O. D. Chekhov, M. Yu. Yuldashev, B. N. Lunin, etc. One of the most informative, containing valuable information from the history of Turkestan research, is the personal fund of N. P. Ostroumov (f. I-1009).

Mukhae Bidinovna ISAKOVA-Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Mukhayo ISAKOVA - PhD of History, Docent, Senior researcher of Institute of History Academy of Sciences and Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan; e-mail: muhayo.isakova@gmail.com.

page 172
Nikolai Petrovich Ostroumov 1 made a significant contribution to the study of the region. It was here that his long-term career began - first as an inspector of public schools, then as director of the teachers 'seminary (from 1879), director of the men's classical gymnasium (from 1889) and again as a teachers' seminary (until 1917).

N. P. Ostroumov was distinguished by his accuracy in preserving various documents that reflected his scientific, pedagogical and social activities. At one time, a significant part of the materials collected by the author ended up in Alma-Ata, in the A. S. Pushkin Kazakhstan State Public Library (now the National Library of Kazakhstan)2. On April 15, 1942, the library transferred its personal collection to the Central State Historical Archive of the Kazakh SSR. After some time, the library collections of N. P. Ostroumov were again transferred to the Central State Library of the Kazakh SSR to the Rare Books Fund of the Pushkin State Public Library of Kazakhstan. On February 12, 1960, after a long correspondence between the archival departments of the republics, these materials were deposited in the Central State Archive of the UzSSR.

Today, the fund contains 193 items of agricultural products for 1877-1929, combined in one inventory. The collected archival documents are connected by their nature with the history of spiritual culture of the Turkestan region. They contain information about Russian educational institutions, Russian-native and New-fashioned schools, and traditional confessional educational institutions such as maktabs and madrasas.

The epistolary part of the personal fund is of great value. These are drafts of Ostroumov's letters to various individuals (there are not many of them preserved) and numerous letters to Ostroumov from students, colleagues, friends, relatives, various scientists, teachers, administrators, public and church figures, readers of Turkiston Viloyati Gazeta ("Turkestan Native Newspaper"). There are letters from N. I. Ilminsky, P. V. Znamensky, V. R. Rosen, N. I. Veselovsky, A. L. Kun, N. S. Lykoshin, V. F. Oshanin, F. M. Kerensky, I. Gasprinsky and others.

No less important part of Ostroumov's archive is his memoir legacy and diary entries. The latter are divided into several archive files. The author himself explained the reason for this approach by the fact that his diary is not a chronologically consistent record of the events of the past years, but rather represents a certain mosaic, some fragments of which are devoted to specific events, processes, and personalities [Flygin, 2010, pp. 248-254].

The well-known historiographer B. V. Lunin, assessing the significance of Ostroumov's diaries and memoirs, noted that readers are sometimes attracted and bribed by the author's very sharp and frank attacks on individual representatives of the colonial administration.3 In particular, the author has compiled a significant volume of memoirs about the Russian administration and teachers who were attracted to the region to open new educational institutions. Among a certain number of poorly researched memoirs of the author, memoirs about A. L. Kuhn are of particular value.

N. P. Ostroumov's memoirs about A. Kuhn are structurally divided by the author into two parts. The first one is called "The first chief inspector of schools in Turkestan Alexander Ludvigovich Kun", and the second one is called " Conclusion about Kun. Reviews of the chief inspector of schools A. L. Kun" (on 4 sheets). Due to the fact that the second part mainly contains information repeated in the first part and is saturated with the author's subjective assessment, it is omitted in this publication.

1 N. P. Ostroumov , a prominent Russian orientalist, teacher, and public figure, was born on November 2(15), 1846, in the village of Sasovo, Elatinsky Uyezd, Tambov Province. He came from the clergy. He graduated from the Tambov Theological Seminary (1860-1866), and then from the Kazan Theological Academy (1866-1870). His teachers were the famous orientalists N. I. Ilminsky, G. S. Sablukov and E. A. Malov. From 1877 to the end of his life (1930) N. Ostroumov lived in Tashkent (with the exception of the period 1917-1922, when he went to his homeland in the Tambov province)

2 It is not known how all these archival materials ended up in Alma Ata. However, this may have been related to the orientalist M. F. Gavrilov, who studied at the Tashkent Men's Gymnasium during the period when N. Ostroumov was its director, and probably maintained relations with him in subsequent years. While in exile in Kazakhstan in the 1930s, he worked in Alma-Ata at the republican library and founded a fund of rare books and manuscripts there [Lunin, 1974, p.147]. According to the assumption of the historian V. A. Germanov, it was M. F. Gavrilov who could have brought Ostroumov's archival materials to Alma-Ata together with the library [Germanov, 2008, p.46].

3 Lunin B. V. Historiography of social sciences in Uzbekistan. Biobibliographical essays. Tashkent: Fan Publ., 1974, p. 260.

page 173
The published part of the document about A. L. Kuhn consists of 24 sheets of notebook format, because of the smallness of the handwriting, the autograph is difficult to read. The main text of the manuscript is one-sided and written in green ink; two sheets - 10-10 vol. and 11-11 vol. - written on both sides. Pages 4-7 are written in purple ink, and pages 27 are written in blue ink. The memoirs describe the service of A. L. Kun in the Turkestan region, give his personal and service characteristics. Setting the time to write a memoir is more difficult. Clearly, what follows from the text, they were written after the death of A. L. Kuhn, more precisely-after the publication of an obituary dedicated to him.

In the course of archeographic research of the text, a comparative analysis of information contained in other archival sources was carried out. In particular, in the Central State Administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The file is kept "At the request of the titular adviser A. Kun to transfer him to the service in the Turkestan region", which contains his correspondence with the ruler of the office of the Turkestan Governor-General A. K. Gaines4. Referring to the need for translation for health reasons and the desire to benefit the government with their "oriental knowledge", as well as scientific interest, A. L. Kuhn asked to speed up the consideration of the issue [CGA RUz., f. I-1, op. 33, d. 451, l. 5-8]. And the correspondence of A. L. Kun with N. I. Ilminsky reveals the sequence of attracting N. P. Ostroumov to the post of inspector of public schools [TsGA RUz., f. I-1009, op. 1, d. 81, l. 1-9].

Considering this source as an object of publication through the prism of an analysis of the relationship between the two Orientalists, we can reveal the motivation for N. Ostroumov's creation of memoirs about his contemporaries. Thus, at the beginning of his memoirs, the author sets out to reveal exaggerations and errors that were published in the obituary of A. Kuhn. Content analysis of the text makes it possible to understand the author's motive, which was explained by personal resentment and unfriendly relations of N. Ostroumov not only with A. Kuhn himself, but also with the author of the obituary N. A. Mayev.

N. Ostroumov, being probably a perfectionist and having reliable facts well known only to him, considered himself entitled to condemn illegal actions of persons who did not perform their official functions and undermined the authority of the Russian empire. Creating a portrait of A. Kuhn, the author in his person embodies the collective image of people who were divided into two categories: orientalists-scientists and orientalists-officials. We can agree with N.'s opinion. Ostroumov, who believed that all the actions of A. Kuhn characterize him as an administrator-careerist and orientalist, who knows Eastern languages, but does not belong to academic science. Indeed, A. Kuhn's publications were rather "custom-made" in nature and had a political implication, i.e. they were used by the imperial administration in the reform of land relations and the tax system in the conquered territories of Central Asia and often served as a step for the author's rapid career growth. At the same time, Ostroumov's "Memoirs" contain a lot of valuable data that help assess the attitude of his contemporaries to the administration and government, outline the circle of relationships and influences when attracting and recruiting specialists to work in newly conquered lands.

In addition, if you evaluate this material without personification, you can trace the stages of formation and development of Russian educational institutions in Turkestan, see the socio-economic problems and difficulties faced by the pioneers in this activity, as well as learn a lot about the daily life of students of these educational institutions.

In general, the published material is of great source value not only because of the author's assessment contained in it, but also because it helps to reveal the causal relationship of the events under consideration. V. V. Barthold once wrote about the meaning of memoirs to their author: "I have heard that you are writing your notes, I would very much like this work (hopefully, not soon, because during your lifetime you probably will not publish it) to reach posterity" [CGA RUz., f. I-1009, op. 1, d. 27, L. 434].

Readers are invited to read the full text of N. P. Ostroumov's Memoirs about A. L. Kuhn5. All punctuations in the text are author's, abbreviations are shown in square brackets, underscores are highlighted graphically. The texts of documents are reproduced according to modern rules

4 Gaines Alexander Konstantinovich (1834-1892), Lieutenant General, ruler of the office of the Turkestan Governor-General (1867-1869), author of the project for the formation of the Turkestan Governor-General, military governor of the Turgai region (1877-1878) [Ergashev, 2015, p.156].

5 I consider it my pleasant duty to express my gratitude to Yu. S. Flygin, G. R. Asatova, V. G. Iofa, A. G. Pugovkina and the editors of the magazine " Vostok. Afro-Asian Societies: History and Modernity " for valuable advice and assistance in the preparation of this publication.

page 174
spellings that preserve the stylistic features of the originals. Notes belonging to the author of the document are indicated in Arabic numerals and placed in page-by-page footnotes. The author's notes on the text and content of the documents are also marked with Arabic numerals in square brackets and given at the end of the text.

FIRST CHIEF INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS IN TURKESTAN ALEXANDER LUDVIGOVICH KUN

"It is not the gods who burn pots" (words by [A. L.] Kuhn)

In No. 46 "Turkestan Vedomosti" of November 22, 1888, the obituary of the first chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region, Alexander L[yudvigovich] Kun, who died in the city of Vilna[1], was published. Apart from the brevity and unsubstantiated nature of this obituary, I considered myself entitled, on the basis of my close official relations with the deceased, for more than four years (1877-1882), to complete and correct the characterization of Kuhn, his personality, and his educational and administrative activities in the newly-conquered Russian outskirts of Central Asia, where the deceased was the first head of the Russian educational center. things to do. At the same time, I make a reservation that in my further presentation I deviated from the ancient Latin proverb "De mortuis aut bene aut nihil"*, I adhere to the reasoning of the late Russian moralist writer Count Leo Tolstoy, who argued in his [work] "The Way of Life" that this proverb should be adhered to in relation to the living, and not the dead ones. Why not talk about the dead? - the late moralist asked and answered: "In our world, because of the custom of obituaries and anniversaries, it is customary to speak only exaggerated praises about the dead, and therefore only lies. And such false praises are harmful, because they smooth out the difference between good and evil in people's concepts."6 To this I will add that the educational and administrative activities of the late chief inspector of schools are essentially connected with the Russian administration of Turkestan and therefore should be presented truthfully, based on facts, and not on personal sympathies, as in the obituary mentioned above. 7 But, as another famous Russian writer and psychologist Fyodor Dostoevsky noted, there is nothing in the world more difficult than straightforwardness and nothing easier than flattery. I will not say that there is nothing truthful in writing an obituary, but I insist on my characterization of the late A. L. Kuhn, based on actual facts that are well known to me personally.

I have never seen Kuhn's record of service, but judging by his first name, patronymic, and surname, I believe him to be a mixed type of Caucasian German: Kuhn was a dark, dark man, small in stature, heavily built, with an improperly rounded head on a short neck, large ears, and small, shifty gray eyes that curled under thick brows. Kuhn's gait was quick, with a slight tilt of his head to one shoulder; he spoke faster than his usual tone, with a tendency to get hot and excited. Such an unfavorable feature for the administrator was often reflected in the official activities of Kuhn, who was generally distinguished by fussiness and agility. He did not like objections and contradictions, but was unrestrained in explanations with subordinates, unstable in his moods and biased towards his colleagues - some he liked, others he pressed.

Details of my acquaintance with Kun and my transfer to the training service in Tashkent in 1877, under the direct supervision of Kun, who was then the first chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region, are set out in a separate pamphlet by Kazan Professor P. V. Znamensky [2], and I will not repeat this. 8
* "Speak well or nothing of the dead."

6 See: Collected Works, Moscow] edition, 1912. Twenty-first volume, p. 445.

7 The editor of the newspaper Turkestan Vedomosti, the author of the obituary, was also a Caucasian and a friend of Kuhn (note that at that time the editor of the newspaper was N. A. Mayev [Lunin, 1974, p. 223]).

8 This pamphlet was written in Kazan in 1890 under the title: "Participation of N. I. Ilminsky in the case of non-native education in the Turkestan region "(pp. 1-84).

page 175
From Kuhn's obituary, it is clear that in 1865 he graduated from the course at the Faculty of Oriental Studies at St. Petersburg University, with an honorary review for his candidate's dissertation, 9 and entered the service of the Office of the Orenburg Governor-General, probably on the advice of Professor of the Faculty of Oriental Studies V. V. Grigoriev, who patronized Kuhn.

Professor [Vasily Vasilyevich] Grigoriev [3] in 1858-1861 held the position of chairman of the Orenburg Border Commission in Orenburg, a member of which was later a well-known figure in foreign education in Kazan and the Kazan (Volga) Region, Professor-Turkologist N. I. Ilminsky[4], with whom in the 70s [XIX century Kun was in correspondence with the Turkestan Governor-General [K. P.] Kaufman on the organization of educational affairs in the Turkestan Region10. Both of these orientalists [5] (Prof. [V. V.] Grigoriev and Prof. [N. I.] Ilminsky), during their joint service in the Orenburg Border Commission, were seriously and thoughtfully interested (from the Russian-state point of view) in the question of the state structure of the Kirghiz people, who fell under the influence of Tatar-Muslim propaganda, which began from the time of the Russian Revolution. the annexation of the Orenburg Region to Russia under Empress Catherine II for erroneous administrative reasons regarding the attachment of nomadic Kyrgyz to Russia through the spread of the Muslim religion among them, with which foreigners[6] of Kazakhstan at the end of the XVIII century were little familiar. To attract them to settle in the Orenburg Steppe, mosques were built under the supervision of Tatar mullahs from the Kazan district 11.

Shortly after being established in the newly-conquered but unsettled Turkestan General-Governorate (in 1867), with General[eral]-ad[debutant] [K. P.] von Kaufmann at the head of the Kun, in 1868 he transferred from Orenburg to Tashkent and was appointed to the position of an official for assignments under the general[eral-]gubernatorial administration. Office supplies. I cannot say with certainty what motives Kuhn was guided in this official transfer, but I think that he was counting on the speedy establishment of his official career in the New Asian Region, where Orientalist officials were needed.

Although Kuhn was not "an outstanding Orientalist" (as his obituary describes him), he could still hope to make a lucrative career path, like many other Tashkent residents of the first period who sought their fortune on the Asian outskirts of Russia. In order to attract the attention of the enlightened organizer of Turkestan (Gen.[eral] [K. P.] Kaufman), Kuhn began to get acquainted with this region and collected oriental manuscripts for the Oriental Faculty at St. Petersburg University.12
He searched in vain for Timur's nonexistent library and wrote down brief but incorrect information about the so-called Qur'an of Uthman from the Samarkand mullahs.

I do not know how much Kun was useful in the work of the commission for checking amlyak fees, but I consider the obituary's statement that Kun solved a very confusing question about the waqfs of Samarkand to be unproven. This is a really confusing issue and after Kun was considered for a long time in the regional government of Samarkand. Kun's contribution can be considered to be the compilation by him, on behalf of gen [eral] Kaufman, ethnographic, historical, archaeological and commercial album with the help of photographer [N. V.] Nekhoroshev[7]. But this album, which cost the treasury dearly, did not have any special technical features.-

9 This dissertation did not appear in the press; I do not even know the topic of Kuhn's dissertation - the obituary referred to A. Kuhn's student essay on the topic: "Review of Alcoran in religious and legal-political relations", which was awarded an honorary review, and the author was awarded a candidate's degree in Arabic-Persian-Turkish category [Lunin, 1974, p. 203].

10 See the brochure of Prof. Znamenskiy district.

11 See this in the venerable study of V. I. Vitevsky on Neplyuev, in the articles of the Kazan professor E. A. Malvi, and in the aforementioned pamphlet of the Kazan Professor P. V. Znamensky.

12 Kun repeatedly told me about this and wrote to N. I. Ilminsky in Kazan.

13 Turkestan Vedomosti No. 1 of 1870.

page 176
There were no technical and scientific advantages (which distinguished the Indian album), because [A. Kuhn's album] did not have a description. When I saw this album in 1877, it was considerably battered by fans of pictures and photographs. For later scientific studies of Turkestan, Kuhn's album turned out to be outdated.

In addition to these works, the first chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region published several articles about the Khiva Khanate and the Ferghana Valley in the Turkestan Vedomosti (1873-1876). According to the obituary, the deceased paid special attention to native folk schools, about which "no one wrote a single line before or after Alexander Ludvigovich." This may have been said by [N. A.] Maev [8], but I can't imagine how authoritatively Kuhn could have spoken about this interesting question, about which he still had a vague idea. As can be seen from his articles in Turkestan Gazette No. 37, 47, 48 of 1876, compared with other descriptions of Muslim maktabs in Turkestan (in the Journal of the Ministry of Education for February 1906).

In an effort to get acquainted with the Turkestan region and to collect Oriental manuscripts, Kun joined the military campaigns of General Kaufman in 1873 - to Khiva, and in 1875 - to Kokand. After the defeat of Khiva, he collected many Muslim books and manuscripts in the Khiva Palace, which were forwarded to the Imperial Public Library, and in Andijan - several ethnographic objects, from which the expensive weapons of Gen[eral] Kaufman were sent to the Tsarskoye Selo Museum.

Contemporaries-eyewitnesses told about Kun's participation in military campaigns that during the then defeats of the Khiva and Ferghana people, and after that of the Samarkand people, it was not difficult to collect (or rather select) books, manuscripts and waqf documents from the natives. The best confirmation of this was the transfer to the disposal of gen [erala] Kaufman's ancient list of the Qur'an attributed to Caliph Uthman 14. At the same time, I have heard that Kun was not personally disinterested, especially in Khiva.

For his daring trip to Andijan, he asked [K. P.] Kaufman for ten thousand [yach] rubles [lei] in compensation for allegedly taken from him by the natives of Ferghana. He also said that he had benefited from the sale of one copy of his Turkestan album to the French.15
Participation in the Kokand campaign was especially advantageous for Kuhn because under the Mahram, Gen[eral] Kaufman signed the representations prepared by Kuhn for the appointment of him (Kuhn) to the post of chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region, as he himself told me about it. This important position was assigned to an official of the General Provincial Chancellery [M. I.] Brodovsky [9], chairman of the commission for drawing up a curriculum for schools in the Turkestan Region, as can be seen from Kuhn's letter to [N. I.] Ilminsky dated November 6, 1870. 16

There was something obscure about this shady business that I had never heard of from [M. I.] Brodovsky himself, and Kun told me that on [M. I.] Brodovsky's side was the manager of the gen[eral-]provincial chancellery, gen[eral] [A. P. Gomzin [10] (who did not like Kun), who forced Kun to personally contact gen [eral]

14 The legend of this list of the Qur'an is described in my book "The Qur'an and Progress", published in Tashkent in 1901, on pages 124-133. Now (1928) this copy is again in Samarkand, where it was returned at the insistence of the Russian revolutionary Muslims in 1927. [Note that Osman's Qur'an was returned not to Samarkand, but to Tashkent on August 18, 1924. Now this Qur'an is stored in the rare books collection of the Library of the Muslim Board of Uzbekistan, located in the Mui-Muborak madrasah of the Hazrati Imom memorial complex].

15 Apparently, the late Kun's self-interest was a distinctive feature of his character, which was supported in him by the examples of some of his contemporaries in Tashkent. Baron Kaulbars sold many Buddhist burkhans to Berlin (burkhan - in the Turkic-Mongolian tradition, a sculptural image of a Buddha, bodhisattva or other Buddhist character; statues that have a schematic anthropomorphic form).

16 See Prof. Znamensky: "Participation of N. I. Ilminsky in the cause of non-native education in the Turkestan region "(Kazan, 1900), pp. 35-40.

page 177
To Kaufman at Mahram [11], after the defeat of this fortress in 1875. About this detail, the author of Kuhn's obituary, the editor of Turkestan Vedomosti, who was a friend of Kuhn, kept silent, limiting himself to a laudatory but incorrect remark: "The energy, abilities of Alexander Ludvigovich and excellent (emphasized by N. Ostroumov - M. I.) knowledge of native life drew the attention of Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann to him. When drawing up the draft regulations on the administrative structure of the Turkestan Region, Alexander Ludvigovich 17 was instructed to draw up a draft of the structure of the educational unit in the region. Alexander Ludvigovich brilliantly fulfilled this assignment. To him Tashkent is solely indebted for the state of educational affairs that we now see in Turkestan: two gymnasiums, a teacher's seminary, city schools, and county elementary schools - all this arose thanks to the energetic and honest work of Alexander L[yudvigov] cha. 18 It was hoped that the education that Alexander L[yudvigov] set up in the city of Turkestan would be a great success.the educational business in Turkestan will be supported and developed by him, but the departure of Alexander L [Yudvigovich] cha from Tashkent and his leaving the post of chief inspector of schools will destroy these hopes..."

This is what was printed in the obituary by the editor of the official Tashkent newspaper, but it was not quite so in reality. When Gen[eral] Kaufman had a question about drawing up a draft curriculum for the Turkestan region, he (gen [eral] Kaufman) applied to the Ministry of Public Education with a request to send to Turkestan a well-known figure in Kazan on foreign education, professor-Turkologist [N. I.]Ilminsky, with whom [K. P.] Kaufman also had a personal conversation during his visit to Kazan in 1869.19 But when it became clear that it was impossible for Prof. [N. I.] Ilminsky to travel to Turkestan, then (at the end of 1870) a commission was established in Tashkent under the chairmanship of an official (agronomist by education) [M. I.] Brodovsky to draw up a draft curriculum in Turkestan. This commission, of which Kun was not a member at first, proposed to open gymnasiums in Turkestan with the admission of foreigners, and public schools of two types: urban schools with modified classes, with the admission of natives, and primary schools for steppe nomads.

It cannot be said that this project was successful in view of the peculiarities of the Turkestan suburb, which was not studied by anyone, but the project was approved by the general governor, and the agronomist official [M. I.] Brodovsky (and not Kun) was intended for the post of chief inspector of schools.20 Thus, the obituary reveals two significant inaccuracies: the draft curriculum in Turkestan was drawn up not by Kuhn, but by the Brodovsky commission, and Kuhn's really energetic efforts before the Ministry of Public Education could not have been crowned with success without the authoritative influence of General Kaufman. Similarly, it cannot be argued that the further establishment of educational affairs in the educational institutions opened in Tashkent was exclusively the work of Kuhn. Educational institutions that existed in the new region before and were only transformed under [K. P.] Kaufman according to ministerial standards, and even more so the newly opened progymnasiums had a ready-made educational setting, which Kuhn could not even influence personally

17 Not to Kun, but to Brodovsky (see the special chapter on the structure of the educational unit).

18 How inaccurate is Kuhn's assessment, which attributes exclusively to his abilities the brilliant fulfillment of the task assigned to him regarding the curriculum in Turkestan, is evident from his own confession in the above - mentioned letter to [N. I.] Ilminsky, from a special article on the first schools in Turkestan, and from my historical account of the first schools in Turkestan.] essays on national education, in an appendix to my personal memoirs about K. P. Kaufman [Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman, organizer of the Turkestan region. Personal memoirs of N. Ostroumov. Tashkent, 1899].

19 [N. I.] Ilminsky not only personally explained his views on the education of non-native Muslims, but also expressed his views in writing in messages to Kaufman.

20 See the detailed discussion of the issue of the curriculum in the Turkestan region in the pamphlet of Kazan Professor P. V. Znamensky " Participation of N. I. Ilminsky in the field of non-native education in the Turkestan region "(Kazan, 1900, pp. 3-44).

page 178
influence. Some innovations introduced by Kuhn were not always successful and did not bring significant benefits to the educational process. In 1888, when Kun's obituary was published, many significant changes took place in the educational institutions of Tashkent, as in any living case - changes that did not depend on the previous Turkestan traditions, but were determined by time and the persons who headed the educational institutions at the specified time.

But that's not the whole point. Kuhn's obituary, as a panegyric, can not be of great importance for the historian of educational affairs in Turkestan: for the historian, facts are important that do not always confirm the praises expressed by friends and admirers of the deceased workers in Turkestan. I turn to these facts.

From Kun's letter to [N. I.] Ilminsky dated November 6, 1870, 21 it can be seen that the governor of the gen[eral-]provincial chancellery, gen [eral] [A. I.] Gomzin, requested a report from the Gen. Kaufman on the appointment of the official Brodovsky to the post of chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region from January 1871. Kun was grieved at this news, for he had been snatched away from the case, which he had hoped for on the basis of the promise made to him earlier by the Governor-General, and had dropped out of the commission, leaving for Samarkand, even deciding to return to St. Petersburg. "I will not stay here and take on this task for any thousands of dollars with such nonsense views. It wasn't my fault; I offered my services. They didn't want to use it, or better yet, they cheated on me, so we'll leave here," Kun wrote to Ilminsky.

I don't know what happened next in Tashkent. Kun himself told me that the governor of the gen[eral-]gubernatorial chancellery, Gen[eral] [A. I.] Gomzin, did not like him. But, obviously, Kuhn changed his mind about parting with Turkestan and in 1873 participated in the difficult campaign of the Russian detachment to Khiva, in which, after its defeat, he collected oriental manuscripts for the St. Petersburg Oriental Faculty. Also in 1875, Kun was on Kaufman's military campaign to Ferghana, and there, after the defeat of the Mahram Fortress, he begged the Governor General to sign a letter to the Minister of War [22] requesting that Kun be appointed chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region. Gen[eral] Kaufman's request was respected , and Kuhn became the head of educational institutions in the new region.

After assuming the position of Chief Inspector of schools in the Turkestan region, Kun began his vigorous work to implement the curriculum approved by General Kaufman-the opening of classical progymnasiums for Russian boys and girls 'gymnasiums for girls in Tashkent and Verny, as well as a teachers' seminary for training teachers in public schools. Progymnasiums and gymnasiums were opened in 1876, and instead of the teaching seminary, the post of inspector of public schools was established, to which Yakov was appointed. But even then, various misunderstandings and quarrels began between Kun and the heads of the men's progymnasia, to which positions the Czechs were appointed (in Tashkent- [M. M.] Yanko [13], and in Vernensky - [D. K.] Nova[14]), who pulled them into the Russian schools entrusted to them As a result, the cause of Russian national education on the Central Asian outskirts was in the hands of foreign Czechs, who were distinguished by stubbornness in the performance of their official duties. Czech [MM] Janko was particularly stubborn,

21 This letter is printed in prof. Znamensky on page 35.

22 In this case, it is important to note that the petition gen. Kaufman's application for the appointment of Kuhn as chief inspector of schools was sent to the Minister of War, and not to the Minister of Education, since Count Dm [Itriy Alekseevich] Tolstoy didn't think much of Kun, so Kun didn't expect the minister to agree with Kyung's presentation. Kaufman. "He talks a lot," Minister Tolstoy said of Kuhn. But Kuhn told me without hesitation that he always had a copy of his service record and a form for the general governor's letter with an envelope, so that he could write the necessary letter to the minister, let the general sign it, and send it on his instructions. The volatile N on the letter and envelope is not a matter of the first importance.

23 My transition to the training service in Tashkent is described in detail in the brochure of Prof. Znamenskiy district.

page 179
who, at the very beginning of his service, challenged Kun's authority over the Tashkent progymnasium on the grounds that the word "school" was included in the title of Kun's position and that therefore the competence of the chief inspector extended only to lower public schools, and not to secondary educational institutions.

This misunderstanding was the beginning of Kuhn's abnormal relationship with the head of secondary schools, which then spread to me. Kun was able to show his authority to the inspector of the progymnasium [M. M.] Yanko when he left Tashkent for St. Petersburg (1877), and by special order of the General Governor, he entrusted the correction of his position to me, who had not yet left Kazan, and not to [M. M.] Yanko, who was in Tashkent at the time of his departure. Kun's departure on a business trip. This resentment for the egotistical [M. M.] Yanko supported [M. M.] Yanko's hostility to Kun, which I found when I arrived in Tashkent, and which I observed later on Kun's return from St. Petersburg at the end of December 1877. Gen [eral] Kaufman told me about the first misunderstandings between[MM] Yanko and Kuhn, and [MM] Yanko, by telling me about some of Kuhn's orders that were not accepted, instilled in me distrust of the sincerity and even disinterestedness of Kuhn, our mutual boss.

Here are the facts. A cousin of Kun's wife, a teacher of the Tashkent Progymnasium in Natural Science (Shelting), was appointed by Kun to head a carpentry workshop at the Tashkent City School, as well as the work of a linovalny machine for making student notebooks and a warehouse of textbooks and teaching supplies at the same school, and then head the savings bank of Tashkent teachers. Schelting's uch was formally subordinate to me as inspector of public schools in charge of the management of crafts and the warehouse of educational supplies. But when I visited this school, I did not delve into my own material affairs, since the schools were maintained at the expense of the Tashkent City Duma. The latter had similar shortcomings in the design of the above-mentioned commercial enterprises and stated this at their regular meetings (see minutes of the Tashkent City Duma); the General Governor also did not agree with the design of craft classes designed by Uch Shelting (see my memoirs of Kaufman, pp. 62-63). Also, I saw few publications received for teaching purposes in the warehouse of textbooks, because the St. Petersburg bookseller [N. O.] Fenu[15], with whom Kuhn made a special condition, clearly abused the trust placed in him and sold old things that he had stashed in Tashkent... After discovering the bookseller's bad faith, Kun decided to get rid of Fenu, but he did it in the Kun way: he persuaded the teacher of the Tashkent city School, Gavrilitsa (who had arrived in Tashkent from Bessarabia), to take over the warehouse, and Gavrilitsa was instructed to adapt the Kokand Khan's palace to the premises of the city school, to which Gavrilitsa was appointed head. Having taken up something else, Gavrilitsa got confused in his calculations and began to cheat 24: he was first allocated about two thousand rubles for the reconstruction of the named palace, then 500 rubles were added at the request of Kun. But Gavrilitsa appealed to the Ferghana regional Board, which drew up and approved an estimate of five thousand rubles [lei]. The Governor-General was annoyed by this bad faith of teacher Gavrilitsa and in his resolution expressed displeasure to the Ferghana regional government for its intervention, which did not lead either to economy or to acceleration of perestroika (see about this in my Memoirs, pp. 66-69).

No less noteworthy is Kuhn's failed plan to put his relative, teacher Sheltinga, in charge of the Kokand boy's education and upbringing

24 The Secretary of the Department of Educational Institutions (Nederitsa) begged me to send a telegram to Gavrilitsa in Tashkent to see his wife, who was ill. Gavrilitsa came to Tashkent and later, in his request for an increase in the sum for the reconstruction of the Khan's Palace, he also referred to my telegram, which allegedly delayed the work of the craftsmen as a result of his summons to Tashkent... But this trick failed Nederitsa and Gavrilitsa (two Moldovans). The denouement of this unfair case of Gavrilitsa took place already under Kuhn.

page 180
Makhmud Khan (from the Khiva family). Kun assigned 5 thousand rubles. for the initial preparation of the illiterate native Mahmud Khan, who did not speak Russian, for admission to the Cadet Corps, where Sheltinga would accompany this prince and be with him during the course in the role of tutor, with a special reward... But the gene. Kaufman correctly decided to entrust this boy's education to the head of the Perovsky city school, who arrived from Kazan and was recommended by me to the Governor-General. The general, together with me, calculated that 500 rubles[lei] would be enough for Makhmud Khan's food and training sessions with him, instead of the five thousand[yach] rubles[lei] assigned by Kun for Sheltinga. And it was premature to decide the fate of Mahmud Khan until the abilities of this pet 25 were discovered.. This outcome of the case was, of course, unpleasant for Kuhn, who later made Teacher Voskresensky feel it. And to me personally, Kuhn reproachfully expressed that I had upset the business he had planned. With the transfer of the teacher Voskresensky to serve in Tashkent-in the teachers ' seminary in 1879, the further fate of Mahmud Khan was lost in Ferghana, where he returned to his relatives, without showing any special abilities and a special desire for further education in the Russian school.

My personal misunderstandings and quarrels with Kuhn began shortly after Kuhn's return from Petersburg, at the end of December 1877, on the following subject. Relieved of my duties as chief inspector of schools, I began to draw up an Essay on public education in the cities and fortifications of the former Syrdarya line and the Turkestan region before the establishment of the Turkestan General Government [16]. My essay was based on archival documents and interested Kuhn. When Kuhn read it and approved it, quite unexpectedly for me, he said that he would attach it (the essay) in the form of a preface to his report, which he was preparing for the Ministry of National Education. To my objection, Kuhn said that I do not understand the official and clerical order: I am an official, and everything I write belongs to the institution in which I serve, and that the Chief Inspector has the right to dispose of my work as he sees fit... I was even more upset when Kuhn told me that his report would not even mention that the essay was written by me, as this is not the procedure established in the office... After all, the Governor-General, when signing various submissions to the minister, does not mention in these submissions who they were drawn up by... And does Kaufman himself draw up all the reports, submissions, and reports that he sends to the highest authorities? After this instruction and an explanation of the clerical procedure, I left my boss, saddened by the fate of my hard slavery. But it was obvious that Yi Kun was thinking about my right. And after He sent me a brief notification that the essay I sent was received by the Department of Educational Institutions. Briefly and clearly. But then it was even worse. Soon after, to my even greater surprise, I read in one of the issues of Turkestan Vedomosti an extract from my essay, again without mentioning my name. There I reproduced a draft of my essay and gave it to the deputy editor [N. A.] Maev [N. V.] (Dmitrovsky[17]), since [N. A.] Maev left Tashkent on his own business. [N. V.] Dmitrovsky submitted my essay to the set, and on his return the editor [N. A.] Mayev ordered the set to be dismantled and my manuscript returned to me... But then General Kaufman fell ill, and I reported this to his deputy, General [G. A.] Kolpakovsky [18], and General [G. A.] Kolpakovsky, after reading my essay, ordered [N. A.] Mayev to publish my article in the Turkestan Vedomosti. to carry out the order of his superiors, but harboring in his heart enmity towards me, which later became a great nuisance for [N. A.] Mayev under the Governor-General [M. G.] Chernyaev (the word is illegible - M. I.) on another (vile) occasion... I have written about this case in another place[19].

In order to restore the old, friendly relations with me, Kuhn told me after taking away my"Essay on Public Education" from me: "I see that you are sku-

25 For more information, see Memoirs of Kaufman, pp. 47-48.

page 181
tea. To relieve your boredom, I asked the Governor-General for a business trip to Samarkand, the ancient capital of Timur, where you will get acquainted with the remarkable monuments of antiquity left over from his time... and, by the way, you will sort out in the city the revealed differences between the head of the women's school, teacher Rudanovskaya (a relative of the head of the city [G. A.] Arendarenko [20]) and the law teacher priest Vysotsky, who invaded the right of this head 26. Together you will visit the men's schools in Samarkand and the primary mixed school in Katta Kurgan." I received a business trip and fulfilled the tasks assigned to me, which I reported to Kun on my return to Tashkent. This was in March 1878. I came to terms with my situation, calmed down from the anxiety described above, and continued to engage in my direct (inspector's) duties, helping Kun in drawing up regulations and staff at city schools and in other educational issues raised in the Management of educational Institutions in the Turkestan region. In the autumn of November 1878, I was sent to the Semirechensk region to inspect Tashkent public schools located in rural and Cossack villages, as far as the city of Sergiopolis[21] inclusive 27.

Kun took advantage of my trip and gave me a verbal order to persuade the governor (General G. A. Kolpakovsky) to purchase all the furniture of this workshop from the owner of a private carpentry workshop (in Verny) for 10 thousand rubles. for a handicraft school located in the Almaty Cossack village (without a specific charter) and transform this school into normal vocational schools. The intermediary in this complex case was the director of the Vernenskaya Gymnasium, Czech [D. K.] Novak28.

When I arrived in Verniy and informed General Kolpakovsky about Kun's project,I agreed with the governor to first inspect the mentioned craft school, and then discuss Kun's project. At my apartment, I heard the most unfavorable information about this neglected (underlined by N.) girl. Ostroumov. - M. I.) school, in the walls of which the sons of local Cossacks had shelter, already adult children (teenagers), about whose behavior there were disapproving rumors. During my inspection of this school, the city's stories about it were confirmed, even to a greater extent than I expected...

Gen [eral G. A.] Kolpakovsky fully agreed with my review, and we agreed: The existing street school should be closed and an application should be filed with the Ministry for the establishment of a normal school in the Almaty village. Witty. - M. I.) of a vocational school with a state-funded leave of absence for this school. After such an agreement with the governor, I refused the invitation of the director of the gymnasium (Novak) to inspect the inventory of a private carpentry workshop in view of the purchase of this inventory for 10 thousand rubles. Without counting on Kuhn's calm and reasonable attitude to my view of the matter, I wrote from Verny to the general governor [K. P.] Kaufman about the result of my inspection of the Cossack craft school, and the general governor refused the request of General Kolpakovsky to award the head of the Cossack craft school.-

26 The teacher of the law, Priest Vysotsky, was no exception in the manifestation of his love of power. Teachers of the law and military priests, before the establishment of the post of inspector in Turkestan, were accustomed to order in the schools of that time and could not immediately renounce their autocracy when they learned about the appointment of an inspector for all schools, to whom the lower public schools were supposed to submit. There were other cases of the autocracy of the teachers of the law in the places entrusted to them, especially in the Semirechensk region, where I had an unpleasant encounter first with the spiritual inspector, and then there was an offensive misunderstanding with Bishop Alexander of Vernon, who accused me in his report sent to the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, K. P. Pobedonostsev, not only of being disrespectful,but but also in godlessness. These encounters between me and Bishop Alexander left me with the saddest memories... as it is written in its place (see the diary during the time of Gen. G. Kolpakovsky).

27 Both the Samarkand and Semirechensk business trips could not cover all these travel expenses, not to mention the difficulties that I was not used to - traveling by mail in unknown and sparsely populated areas.

28 For completing this project, Kuhn promised to get permission to put my portrait in the school...

page 182
he won a silver medal at this school. When Gen[eral G. A.] Kolpakovsky came to Tashkent after that, Kun blamed me for this trouble. During a personal meeting with [G. A.] Kolpakovsky, I reminded him of his consent to the closure of the named school , and he apparently reconciled himself to the refusal of his application for awarding the head of the school medal. But Kuhn could not reconcile himself to my view and the new question he raised, as this delayed the business itself, and it was important for Kuhn to quickly get a reward for himself outside the rules for his energetic activity in opening new educational institutions in the region...

Undoubtedly, Kun was a careerist, having been appointed to the post of head of a separate administrative unit, he wanted to compare in rank with other heads of district government agencies, such as regional governors, the governor of the general Chancellery and the heads of the State Chamber, the Control Chamber, etc. In order to compare with other district chiefs, Kun had to have the rank of full state councilor, and to receive this rank, a significantly longer service period was required. But Kuhn knew how to get out of this situation - he begged [General K. P.] Kaufman to introduce him to the next rank, out of turn, out of the established rules - and thus quickly rose in rank. In my "Memoirs" of K. P. von Kaufmann, on pages 22-23, a case is recorded of Kuhn's harassment of his promotion to the rank of state councilor outside the rules, despite the fact that Kuhn also received the previous rank (collegiate councilor) outside the rules. Interesting in this case is the oscillation of Gen. he refused to sign a letter prepared by Kuhn himself and sent to the Department of Educational Institutions to the minister, and then (on October 27) signed this letter, and Kuhn approached the last step, to the rank of general [22].

One can also doubt Kuhn's material selflessness. Not to mention the fact that he purchased two houses for the Management of educational institutions at the corner of Moskovskaya Street[23] and Vorontsovsky Prospekt[24] and settled in one of them himself, which leads to suspicion of his relationship with the book firm Fenu & Co. , as well as two cases of sending books for the Tashkent warehouse and textbooks for the Vernenskaya Girls ' Gymnasium. In the first case, the pathetic, downtrodden teacher [K. I.] Gratsiansky[25], who has the title of a rural teacher, who was given double runs as a teacher of a city school, Kuhn ordered to keep books from the Tashkent warehouse free of charge to Tashkent, and in the second case, he persuaded the teacher Gorodetsky, who was appointed by him to the post of inspector of the Vernenskaya girls ' gymnasium, to keep for free, a whole cartload of books from the women's gymnasium to which Gorodetsky was assigned 29.

In the case of the Grazian teacher, Kuhn masterfully got out of a serious predicament before the control: he detained this teacher in Tashkent to prepare for the exam for the teaching title in the ministry programs and seconded him to one of the remote schools of the Semirechensk region as a teacher's assistant. In another case, he approved Gorodetsky, who was appointed to Verny, to keep textbooks free of charge in the interests of the educational institution and to save money in sending them. I do not dare to insist on the Tashkent talk that the piano and chairs in Kun's apartment were exchanged for the same items prescribed for the Tashkent Girls ' gymnasium and for the newly opened city schools in Ferghana, but I will tell you the following indisputable fact.

Kun was going on a regular business trip to St. Petersburg and, in addition to runs and daily allowances, wrote out another 500 rubles in the travel allowance, due to the long distance of Tashkent from St. Petersburg, which according to the rules of the Control Chamber was not supposed to be. Then Kuhn urgently sent from St. Petersburg a presentation prepared by him there from Gen [eral K. P.] Kaufman addressed to

29 At the same time, it is necessary to recall his request for five thousand rubles for teaching the Russian language and Makhmudbek's diploma, and for compensation for the ten thousand rubles robbed from Kun. during his flight from Andijan.

page 183
Minister of War to report to the sovereign on the acceptance of this incorrect issue to the treasury. In a letter to the Department's secretary, Kuhn wrote:"...if, perhaps, the Control Chamber will soon pay attention to this issue and make a corresponding request, then you should respond to this request after receiving the highest approval of the (incorrect) issue in Tashkent. And so it turned out: Kaufman's submission was approved by the sovereign, and the Control Chamber received [the word is illegible] in response to its request - such things were done in Tashkent, and Kun knew how to do such things."

Kuhn's desire to settle the financial situation of his wife's relative, teacher Sheltinga, haunted him and ruined Kuhn's career. Kuhn appointed Sheltinga as the cashier of the Teachers ' Savings Bank, but when Sheltinga died, there was a flaw in the cash register, which caused great unrest among the members of the cash register. For some reason, Kun kept the cash registers and began to exert superior pressure on the worried teachers, using the authority of the general governor as well. Kuhn also made another mistake : he persuaded his supporters (among whom was the inspector of the NAR[one] uch[ilishche] [P. I.] Aznacheyev [26]) to open a subscription to a scholarship named after the deceased cashier and give a eulogy at the funeral at Sheltinga's grave. This further agitated the Tashkent teachers (mainly teachers of the male progymnasium, in which the stubborn Czech [M. M.] Yanko was the director), on whose behalf - it seems even by telegraph - the fact was reported in one of the St. Petersburg newspapers. Kuhn was literally afraid and didn't know what to do... Then, as a non-member of the cash register, I reported to General Governor Kaufman at the request of interested teachers about the unrest that was taking place in the educational world. Gen [eral K. P.] Kaufman authorized me to tell the members of the cash register that he would fill up the missing amount; and Kuhn got hot and continued to intimidate the worried people with the name of gen [eral-]the governor, who supported Kuhn all the time. This continued until March 25, 1881, when Gen [eral K. P.] Kaufman suffered an apoplexy and could not personally deal with the affairs of regional administration. Therefore, to correct the position of the general governor, the Semirechensk military governor, General G. A. Kolpakovsky, arrived in Tashkent, under which the official position of Kun was completely shaken. And since Kun continued his tactless relations with Tashkent teachers, the latter (including 12, it seems, people) headed by the director [M. M.] Yanko submitted personal statements to Gen[eral G. A.] Kolpakovsky about the impossibility of continuing to serve together with Kun and asked for his dismissal from the service. I was among those who submitted such applications. Gen [eral G. A.] Kolpakovsky called me to his office and tried to persuade me not to worry, promising to give Kun a vacation from which Kun was not supposed to return. Kuhn became even more agitated. Under his influence, a secretary, an assistant to the Department of Educational Institutions, an inspector of the NAR[one] school[or school] and a teacher went to Gen[eral G. A.] Kolpakovsky to defend Kun and accuse me of the unrest that took place. I do not know the details of this dishonest act, which was followed by two orders - to dismiss Kuhn on leave and appoint me to the position of chief inspector of schools. Inspector [P. I.] Aznacheyev, who came to me the day after these orders with an apology, was pathetic, and asked me in front of the general assembly if he could continue his training service in Tashkent after all that had happened... He was literally shaking, which at his age made me feel sorry for him, and I calmed him down. Kun left for St. Petersburg and, while rotating in the ministry during the administration of General Kolpakovsky in Turkestan, did not lose hope of returning to Tashkent when General Chernyaev was appointed to Turkestan. But [M. G.] Chernyaev elected [A. I.] Zabelin [27], and the ministry appointed Kun to the position of assistant to the trustee of the Vilna educational district [28] .30 Did Kun enjoy the "warm sympathy of his colleagues and subordinates"in his new position,

Even then, Kun raised the question of paying him with travel money for the entire period of his stay in St. Petersburg, although he did nothing for Turkestan. But his request was not respected.

page 184
As [N. A.] Mayev wrote in his obituary, I do not know. But not for long did Kuhn hold a new position for him and hardly enjoyed the authority of the trustee of the Vilna district. [N. A.] Sergievsky [29] (trustee) he was a serious man and did not give Kun such indulgences as Kun was used to in Tashkent under Gen. P.] Kaufman. The end of Kuhn's life was tragic: on October 24, 1888, he died after a long and serious illness, on October 28, his wife died, and on October 30, his only son died. The obituary does not give details of such a cruel end to the life of the first chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan region. A memorial service in memory of the deceased was served in Tashkent. I could have ended my dreary memories of the first head of the educational business in Turkestan with this. I say "bleak memories" not only because of my personal impressions, but because of Kuhn's attitude to the educational work in the Turkestan region, which did not receive proper direction in both Russian and foreign schools under Kuhn. The Russian educational institutions under Kuhn somehow fulfilled their educational function, and the native schools were left to their fate as a result of General Kaufmann's basic erroneous view of these schools.

Kuhn's personal responsibility in the educational field of Turkestan consisted in putting his official career in the foreground, not being able to give guidance to young, inexperienced teachers in school affairs, not understanding their personal advantages and disadvantages, but only rushing to do more ostentatiously in order to strengthen his official position in the region and advance in front of the public. Ministry of Public Education. I didn't want to write anything but bad things about Kun, but I couldn't give my memories a different tone than the actual facts. I consider myself entitled to recall that he appropriated my work on the first Russian schools in Tashkent, Perovsk[30] and Kazalinsk[31] and tried to hide from General K. P. Kaufman the gratitude that the Ministry of Public Education had expressed to me for my first report on the audit of public schools in the Semirechensk region, and that he had also tried to conceal the fact that when this attempt failed, Kun 31 tried to intimidate me and my wife with fears and, under the guise of sympathy, advised me to take a vacation to go to Kazan. At the same time, without any application on my part, he sent me a coupon for the allocation of three hundred rubles[lei] in addition to the allowance I receive... But I returned the ticket sent to him and did not ask for a vacation. Supporting such teachers as Shelting (in the gymnasium), Gavrilitsa (in the city school) and many others, he did not favor Perovsky's teacher Voskresensky for accepting the native "prince" Mahmud Khan mentioned above, 32 and gave Voskresensky a completely non-pedagogical reception in his office. When Voskresensky entered Kuhn's office, he called his servant (Sarta Mirzo Abdullah), who appeared with a whip in his hands and stood near the door of the office all the time while Kuhn was scolding the harmless teacher. The offended teacher In [oskresensk] yi, caressed by gen [eral-]guber [natorom] for Mahmud Khan, complained (in a letter) to the general about such an undeserved insult, and the general ordered Kun to apologize to the offended teacher, which Kun did-he came personally to Voskresensky's apartment for an apology and reconciliation with him.

Once, during the most heated argument with [MM] Janko, I had to observe such an unusual situation: Kuhn was sitting in the corner of his office, as if barricaded by a large office desk that formed a triangular space

31 See my Memoirs of K. P. von Kaufmann, pp. 139-140.

32 This was done at the suggestion of General Kaufman himself, after negotiations with me. (See my Memoirs of K. P. von Kaufmann, pp. 47-48.)

33 The rift between Kun and Janko reached the point where Janko would put a wet towel to his forehead when he received requests and suggestions from Kun, and Kun would take valerian drops when he received objections from Janko. Officials of the Department of Educational Institutions told me about Janko's compresses, and he told me about valerian himself, and I saw vials of these drops on his desk. Here are the customs of Tashkent in the late 70s and early 80s of the last century! Under such conditions, is it possible to talk seriously about the educational work that was supposed to be at the head of the educational task of the Russian administration in the Turkestan outskirts of Russia?..

page 185
between two walls, and on his desk are two revolvers... After my conversation with Kun, I asked him what that meant. Pointing to the revolvers, Kuhn replied that it was an alarming time to expect anything abnormal, and therefore he kept a third revolver ready in his desk... But no one was going to try to kill Kuhn. During the examination (in Tashkent) of Gratiansky's teacher (to whom Kuhn incorrectly obtained double runs in the ministry when he was in St. Petersburg, considering Gratiansky a city teacher, while Gratiansky did not have this title) Kuhn offered him an unfortunate geometry question that made the examinee nervous, and I smoothed it over with my intervention, and during the break of the exam I warned Kuhn not to worry the examinee any more, who even without him had to keep books for the training warehouse (in winter), as described above. Kuhn replied to my warning that he wasn't afraid because he had a loaded revolver 34 ready in his pocket. With the opening of the teachers ' seminary, where I was appointed director, Kuhn ordered me to invite to the meetings of the pedagogical council the inspector of NAR[one] teachers[ilishch P. I.] Aznacheyev (a follower of Kuhn), who, after the meeting in the seminary, went to Kuhn and reported to him about the meeting in the same light as before. How did [P. I.] Aznacheyev develop? Only [P. I.] Aznacheyev was not friendly to me, and therefore I could not trust his reports to Kuhn. On Kun's side were two teachers who also went to see Kun after the teachers ' meeting.] the council. Such an attitude towards me, of course, could not calm me down. Kuhn himself did not come to our meetings and did not attend the teachers ' classes. He had no teaching skills, as he had never been directly involved in any business. During the so-called teacher talks, 35 Kuhn rarely attended teachers ' classes and usually sat in silence. He attended the lessons of the gymnasium teachers for some special reason or just to observe the form, and not for the purpose of educational control, and limited himself to minor comments, or the same unsuccessful questions that froze the students 36. Busy with administrative (clerical) correspondence with various institutions and individuals, and mainly presenting reports to the Governor-General on educational matters, Kuhn barely had time to look through the Magazine of the Ministry of Education, and did not seek to get acquainted with the pedagogical literature, leaving it to the teachers themselves, who, in turn, did not have much time to read it. they thought about the cultural and educational task that lay on them in Turkestan. Kuhn did not enter into the discussion of the main educational question: whether the Russian schools opened under him meet the vital needs of Turkestan and how to develop this new business in the new region; for him, the first significant concern was the opening of new schools and the withdrawal of funds for their existence. Instead of Kun, the Ministry of National Education took care of the training course, offering ready-made curricula and programs compiled for various teacher training institutions in inner Russia. Classical gymnasium, urban and rural schools, and craft classes. These norms were adopted in Turkestan,

34 Don't these two revolver cases confirm my assumption that Kuhn has Caucasian blood?..

35 See these conversations in my Memoirs of K. P. von Kaufmann, pp. 175-178, and, accordingly, articles in local newspapers.

36 One day Kun was in the preparatory class of the girls ' gymnasium with me for a lesson on the Law of God. The student was talking about the creation of the first humans, and Kun asked her: which of us were Adam and Eve like? The little disciple looked down and said nothing... At one of the teachers ' talks, a lively student of the senior class of a female gymnasium spoke with an essay on the topic of the influence of physical conditions on civilization. At Kuhn's suggestion, I remarked to her that the topic of the essay was narrowed down, because civilization is even more influenced by the spiritual nature of man, his mental strength... science and culture in general, with the help of which civilized peoples were able to overcome physical nature, as can be seen from the history of universal culture. The young teacher of the word was silent, as was the head of the gymnasium, and the proud girl almost burst into tears at my remark about the topic and the abstract.

page 186
despite the fact that the conditions of inner Russia and the Turkestan outskirts had little in common. There was no one in the ministry who could express an authoritative view of the Russian educational process being organized in Turkestan, and therefore the curriculum developed in Tashkent was accepted without objection, since this plan was at odds with the norms adopted in the ministry. Our ministry did not dare to initiate a petition before the sovereign for new types of educational institutions for Turkestan and for new "Regulations" for the opening of educational institutions, especially in view of the criticism of the educational system of Count Dm that had begun in the Russian press Andreyevich] Tolstoy [32]. Therefore, for Turkestan, the same educational institutions that existed in inner Russia were allowed.: classical gymnasiums, city schools (according to the charter of 1872) with class rather than subject teaching, parish schools (according to the charter of 1828), primary schools according to the Regulations of 1874, and Teachers 'Seminary in relation to the charter of the Molodechno and Irkutsk teachers' seminaries. For Kuhn, all these abnormalities were indifferent, but for the educational work itself in Turkestan, this situation was far from indifferent. These disadvantages were especially reflected in urban schools, where classroom teaching was not possible for teachers who came from Russia, and there were no local teachers, since teachers ' seminaries in Tashkent were opened only at the end of 1879 and were assigned to train teachers for rural schools. There were no special textbooks and anthologies for Turkestan schools either. Especially there was a lack of urban and rural schools, museums with local exhibits, which could largely make up for this lack in a book for reading (chrestomatiya), since there were no relevant articles and stories in Russian anthologies about the Turkestan region, as a result of which students of Turkestan schools, not excluding high school students and high school girls, did not receive the necessary information. the natives were getting acquainted with the nature and folk life of the unknown metropolis. The question of the textbook of Russian history, which was raised by the Governor-General [K. P.] Kaufman, 37 remained unanswered. And in other school subjects under Kun, there were no textbooks adapted to the peculiarities of the Turkestan region. Only in the teachers ' seminary during my time was the Kyrgyz anthology compiled by the teacher of the Kyrgyz language (orientalist [Ya. Ya.] Lutsh[33]) [Tashkent, 1883The first Russian-Kyrgyz dictionary was compiled and published by the pupil [I.] Bukin [Tashkent, 1883]. Kun in all his orders was in a hurry, as mentioned above, not so much to improve the educational business, but to arrange his official career, he was in a hurry to do everything for show, and therefore his administrative management of the educational business in the region, it did not bring significant benefits to this cause: craft classes were not instilled in schools, as well as pedagogical conversations at gymnasiums. Taking care of the opening of schools and the material situation in educational institutions, he did not know how to manage the educational business, which remained homeless depending on him personally and his assistants (inspectors of public schools), not only because of their lack of preparation for monitoring and directing school affairs, but also because of a purely formal (clerical) attitude to them. your duties. What could my first successor in the inspector position, the already mentioned [P. I.] Aznacheyev, whom Kuhn supported and deigned to do, despite his generally apathetic attitude to official duties, do? Russian school work in Turkestan could not develop and improve under such a leader as Kun: in the classical progymnasium, a Czech was at the head, limited in his development; the head of the girls ' gymnasium was an incompetent mathematician, and the inspector of public schools was an elderly loafer who liked to fish. Among the teachers, there were more unsuccessful teachers, whom Kuhn selected from all sides to fill teaching vacancies...

37 See my Memoirs, pp. 102-105.

page 187
This was how the educational business in Turkestan languished until the appointment of the gen [eral] Chernyaev was appointed to the post of Turkestan governor in 1882, when the vacant post of chief inspector of schools was occupied by the former chief secretary of the Synod [A. I.] Zabelin, who was not at all sympathetic to the then Minister of Public Education Count [I. D.] Delyanov [34] in a brief note to the chief prosecutor of the Synod [K. P.] Pobedonostsev[35] (see the next essay)[36].

Meanwhile, the non-native Turkic tribe (mainly Crimean and Kazan Tatars) began to "wake up from the dream of carelessness" and think about their future. Bakhchisarai publicist Ism[ail] Gasprinsky, who published the pamphlet "Russian Moslemism", gave in his newspaper" Tarjeman - translator " thoughts about the reform of Muslim schools on the model of Turkish schools, about the unity of the general Muslim alphabet and even the language of all the Turkic tribes of Russia. Even then, echoes of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism appeared in the Muslim press, which were also introduced in Turkestan, 38 and the Ministries of Internal Affairs and Public Education limited themselves in 1874 to revising the rules on Muslim schools in Russia and calmed down on that. Kun's successor [A. I.] Zabelin was to direct the educational work in Turkestan in accordance with the modern views of the Russian government and the sentiments of the natives of the Turkestan region, with whose language and way of life he was not familiar.

(N. Ostroumov)

CGA RUz. F. I-1009. Op. 1. D. 74. L. 10-35. An autograph.

Comments

[1] Vilna - Vilnius, the capital of the Lithuanian state.

[2] Znamensky Pyotr Vasilyevich (1836-1917) - historian of the Russian Church, member of the Council and deputy Chairman of the Council of the Kazan department of the "Russian Assembly". He studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological School (1846-1850), at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary (1850-1856), and then at the Kazan Theological Academy. Since 1862, he taught at Kazan University. In 1868, he was awarded the title of ordinary professor of the Theological Academy [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[3] Vasily Grigoriev (1816-1881), orientalist, author of works on the history of Central Asia, professor at St. Petersburg University (1863-1878), manager of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Archaeological Society (since 1867), head of the Main Department for Press Affairs (1878-1880) [Lunin, 1965, pp. 88-89].

[4] Nikolai Ivanovich Ilminsky (1822-1896), Turkologist, professor at Kazan University (1861-1862) and the Kazan Theological Academy (1846, 1863). Director of the Kazan Teachers ' Seminary (1872-1891) [Lunin, 1965, pp. 82-83].

[5] An orientalist scholar is a specialist in the study of Oriental languages and culture; the same as an orientalist.

[6] Inorodtsy-the name in the broad sense of the word was applied to all Russian subjects of non-Slavic origin. Foreigners of the Turkestan region, regardless of settlement, were equated in their rights to rural inhabitants. Foreigners who converted to Orthodoxy could be assigned to cities and villages without special permission, and were permanently exempt from military service. Foreigners of the Turkestan region were divided into volosts: among the settled - into rural communities, among nomads - into aul societies [Brockhaus and Efron, vol. 13, 1894, p. 232].

[7] This is the first photographic "Turkestan Album" compiled under the general responsibility of A. Kuhn (1872-1873). The album consisted of four parts: ethnographic, archaeological, historical and commercial with a panorama of the culture of the Syr-Darya region of the Zaravshan district.

[8] Nikolai Alexandrovich Mayev (1835-1896), from 1870 to 1892 served as editor of Turkestan Vedomosti. One of the initiators and organizers of the Local History Museum and Public Library in Tashkent [Historiography of Social sciences..., 1974, pp. 223-229].

38 See N. A. Smirnov's pamphlet " Islam and the Modern East "(Moscow, 1926), pp. 80, 83, 85.

page 188
[9] Brodovsky Mikhail Ivanovich (born in 1838) at the end of the course at the Gorigoretsky Agricultural Institute with the title of agronomist on August 27, 1867, was appointed at the disposal of the Turkestan Governor-General, then worked as a clerk of the Governor-General's office, a senior official of special assignments for the academic department. From June 2 to September 1, 1892, he temporarily served as the city head of Tashkent. On July 14, 1894, he served as manager of the Governor-General's office. From May 2, 1899 to October 14, 1901, he was the ruler of the office of the Turkestan Governor-General [TsGA RUz., f. I-1, op. 33, d. 293, l. 164-173].

[10] Gomzin Andrey Ivanovich was promoted to an officer on August 10, 1845 and held various officer positions until the end of 1867, when he was appointed chairman of the Syrdarya regional government. In 1869, he was promoted to Major General. From April 20, 1869 to April 18, 1875, he was the ruler of the office of the Turkestan Governor-General [TsGA RUz., f. I-1, op. 27, d. 1750, l. 23-23a].

[11] During the uprising in the Kokand Khanate in 1873-1876, the Mahram fortress was the center of the rebel forces. Mahram is a village in the Sughd province of Tajikistan, 45 km east of Khojent and 15 km west of the city of Kanibadam [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[12] Verny is a city that in 1867 was the center of the Semirechensk region as part of the Turkestan General Government. Now the city of Alma-Ata of the Republic of Kazakhstan [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[13] Yanko Mikhail Matveevich-in 1876-1881 he was an inspector of the Tashkent Men's gymnasium, in 1881-1883-the first director of the Tashkent men's gymnasium [CGA RUz., f. I-50, op. 1, d. 5, l. 90].

[14] Novak Dragutin Kasperovich - 1876-1881. He was an inspector of the Vernenskaya progymnasium, then the first director of the Vernenskaya male gymnasium [http://spgk.kz/nelya-buketova/197-vernenskaya-muzhskaya-gimnaziya.html].

[15] Nikolai Osipovich Fenu (1832-1903) - St. Petersburg bookseller [http://feb-web.ru/feb/rosarc/rac/rac-511-.htm].

[16] This essay was published under the title "Historical sketch of public education in the cities and fortifications of the Syrdarya line and the Turkestan region before the establishment of the Turkestan General Government" as an appendix to the publication: [Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman..., 1899, pp. 218-286].

[17] Nikolai Vasilyevich Dmitrovsky (1841-1910 ) - from August 1867 he served as an assistant clerk in the Turkestan Chancellery. On May 11, 1872, he became the first director of the Turkestan Public Library, and on September 21, 1881, he was appointed assistant editor of the Turkestan Vedomosti newspaper.
[18] Gerasim Alekseyevich Kolpakovsky (1819-1896), during the absence of the Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman, repeatedly performed his duties, during the Khiva expedition he was in charge of the logistics of the Turkestan detachment and served as the head of the military-People's Department [Omsk Dictionary of Local Lore, 1994, p.113].

[19] N. Ostroumov's memoirs about the Governor-General N. I. Grodekov contain a description of how N. Ostroumov was born. Ostroumov complained to the Governor-General M. Chernyaev about Colonel N. Maev and asked to protect the students of the gymnasium entrusted to him from harmful influence on them by the inspector of schools. M. Chernyaev ordered General N. Grodekov to take police measures to prevent high school students from entering the apartment of Colonel N. A. Maev, the latter received a receipt stating that he would not accept high school students in his apartment [Asanova, 2011, p. 362-400; CGA RUz., f. I-1009, op. 1, d. 71].

[20] Georgy A. Arendarenko (1846 -?) - participant of the conquest campaigns of 1866, 1875 and 1876 in Central Asia. From 1877, he was appointed chief of the Samarkand district, from 1890 - of the Merv district, and from 1899-Acting General for assignments under the Commander of the Turkestan Military District. Since 1901 - military governor of the Ferghana region [Russian military Orientalists..., 2005, p. 18-19].

[21] Sergiopolis is the former name of the city of Ayaguz in the East Kazakhstan region. After 1860, it was a rural locality and was called Sergiopolis, the Sergiopolskaya stanitsa of the Lepsinsky district, first of Semipalatinsk, then of the Semirechensk region. Today, a suburban village is located on the site of Sergiopolis, which was renamed Mamyrsu during the independence of Kazakhstan [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[22] A full state councilor - a civil rank of the 4th class, gave the right to hereditary nobility. He held the rank of Major General in the army and Rear Admiral in the Navy,

page 189
as well as the court rank of chamberlain. Those who held this rank held the positions of department directors, governors, and mayors [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[23] Moskovskaya Street-now Amir Timur Avenue in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan.

[24] Vorontsovsky Avenue - now Akademika Sulaimanova Street in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan.

[25] Graziansky Konstantin Ivanovich-Director of the Tashkent Women's Gymnasium [http:// oldtashkent.ru/grajdanskoe-obrazovanie/53-uchebnie-zavedeniya html].

[26] P. I. Aznacheyev was an inspector of the national school from August 9, 1879 to December 9, 1882 [http://oldtashkent.ru/grajdanskoe-obrazovanie/53-uchebnie-zavedeniya.html].

[27] Alexey Ivanovich Zabelin (1822-1900) - a medical doctor by profession. In 1864, he was director of the Molodechno Teachers 'Seminary; in 1867, he was a fellow prosecutor at the Vladimir District Court; in 1869, an official in the Office of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod; in 1870, director of the Catherine Teachers' School in Tambov; and in 1872, Chief Secretary of the Holy Synod. From September 20, 1882 to May 2, 1889, on the recommendation of M. G. Chernyaev, he was appointed to the post of chief inspector of schools in the Turkestan Region [TsGA RUz., f. I-1009, op. 1, d. 154, l. 1-2].

[28] The Vilna School District was a territorial administrative unit of educational institutions under the Ministry of Public Education, covering several provinces in the west of the Russian Empire (in what is now Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Latvia). In 1803-1832 and 1850-1917, the administrative center was the city of Vilna.

[29] Nikolai Alexandrovich Sergievsky (1831-1900) - from October 24, 1869 to June 25, 1899, was a trustee of the Vilna District.

[30] Perovsk-in 1867 it was the administrative center of Perovsky uyezd, Syrdarya region. In 1925, it was renamed Kzyl-Orda. It is now the administrative center of the Kyzylorda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[31] Kazalinsk-in 1867 it was the administrative center of Kazalinsky uyezd, Syrdarya region. It is now a city in the Kazalinsky district of the Kyzylorda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/].

[32] Dmitry Andreevich Tolstoy (1823-1889)-Count, Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod (1865-1880), Minister of Public Education (1866-1880), Minister of Internal Affairs (1882-1889) [Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, vol.14, 1973, p. 294].

[33] Yakov Yakovlevich Lutsh (in some sources Lutt) (1854 -?) was an active state councilor, diplomat and orientalist. In 1878, he was placed at the disposal of the Turkestan Governor-General, a junior assistant clerk of his office. Since 1879 - teacher at the newly opened Tashkent Teachers ' Seminary. Later-Secretary of the consulate in Kashgar (1883-1894), secretary of the Russian political agency in Bukhara, political agent of Russia in Bukhara (1902-1911), member of expeditions to China [http://www.rusdiplomats.narod.ru/1wtsh-yaya.html].

[34] Delyanov Ivan Davydovich (1818-1897) - Count, statesman of the Russian Empire, State Secretary (from April 16, 1867), director of the Public Library in 1861-1882, full Privy Councilor (from January 1, 1873), member of the State Council (from January 1, 1874), Minister of Public Education since March 16, 1882 [Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 5, 1964, p. 87].

[35] Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev (1827-1907), Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod in 1880-1905. [Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 11, 1968, p. 227].

[36] N. P. Ostroumov's Memoirs of A. I. Zabelin [Central State Administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan, f. I-1009, op. 1, d. 154, l. 1-44].

list of literature

Asanova S. A. General of Infantry Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov (military governor of the Syrdarya region from June 2, 1893 and Turkestan Governor-General from December 15, 1906 to March 2, 1908). / / III Orientalist readings in memory of N. P. Ostroumov. Collection of materials. Tashkent, 2011, pp. 362-400.

Brockhauz F. A., Efron I. A. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar ' [Encyclopedia dictionary] / Edited by prof.

page 190
Hermanov V. A. Secret and revealed, secular and sacred in the life of Master of theology N. P. Ostroumov // Oriental Studies readings in memory of N. P. Ostroumov. Collection of materials. Tashkent, 2008, pp. 46-47.

Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann, organizer of the Turkestan region. Personal memories of I. Ostroumova (1877-1881). Tashkent, 1899.

Lunin B. V. Historiography of social sciences in Uzbekistan. Biobibliographical essays. Tashkent: Fan Publ., 1974.

Lunin B. V. Central Asia in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Oriental Studies. Tashkent: Nauka Publ., 1965.

Omsk Dictionary of Local Lore / Comp. by P. P. Vibe, A. P. Mikheev, and N. M. Pugacheva, Moscow, 1994.

Russian Military Orientalists before 1917 Biobibliographical Dictionary / Compiled by M. K. Baskhanov, Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura RAS, 2005.

Soviet Historical Encyclopedia / Edited by E. M. Zhukov, Vol. 5, 1964; Vol. 11, Moscow, 1968; Vol. 14, Moscow, 1973.

Flygin Yu. S. Personal Fund of N. P. Ostroumov-collection of valuable sources on Turkestan studies // Historical Science and Archival affairs: problems of integration. Collection of materials of the Republican scientific seminar named after V. I. Abramovich. Academician Ya. G. Gulyamova "History of the Uzbek people and its statehood". Tashkent: Fan Publ., 2010, pp. 248-254.

Ergashev B. E. Clerical activity of the Chancellery of the Turkestan General Government (historical and source analysis). Tashkent: Fan Publ., 2015.

REFERENCES

Asanova S.A. General ot infanterii Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov (voennyi gubernator Syrdar'inskoi oblasti so 2 iiunia 1893 i Turkestanskii general-gubernator s 15 dekabria 1906 po 2 marta 1908) // III Vostokovedcheskie chteniia pamiati N.P. Ostroumova. Sbornik materialov. Tashkent, 2011. Pp. 362-400.

Brokgauz F.A., Efron I.A. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' / Ed. prof. I.E. Andreevskogo. Vol. 13. St. Petersburg, 1894.

Ergashev B.E. Deloproizvodstvennaia deiatel'nost' kantseliarii Turkestanskogo general-gubernatorstva (istoriko-istochnikovedcheskii analiz). Tashkent: Fan, 2015.

Flygin Iu.S. Lichnyi fond N.P. Ostroumova - sobranie tsennykh istochnikov po turkestanovedeniiu // Istoricheskaia nauka i arkhivnoe delo: problemy integratsii. Sbornik materialov Respublikanskogo nauchnogo seminara im. akad. Ia.G. Guliamova "Istoriia uzbekskogo naroda i ego gosudarstvennosti". Tashkent: Fan, 2010. Pp. 248-254.

Germanov V.A. Tainoe i iavlennoe, svetskoe i sakral'noe v zhizni magistra bogosloviia N.P. Ostroumova // Vostokovedcheskie chteniia pamiati N.P. Ostroumova. Sbornik materialov. Tashkent, 2008. Pp. 46-47.

Konstantin Petrovich fon Kaufman, ustroitel' Turkestanskogo kraia. Lichnye vospominaniia N. Ostroumova (1877-1881). Tashkent, 1899.

Lunin B.V. Istoriografiia obshchestvennykh nauk v Uzbekistane. Biobibliograficheskie ocherki. Tashkent: Fan, 1974.

Lunin B.V. Sredniaia Aziia v dorevoliutsionnom i sovetskom vostokovedenii. Tashkent: Nauka, 1965.

Omskii istoriko-kraevedcheskii slovar' / Ed. P.P. Vibe, A.P Mikheev, N.M. Pugacheva. Moscow, 1994.

Russkie voennye vostokovedy do 1917 g. Biobibliograficheskii slovar' / Ed. M.K. Baskhanov. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura RAN, 2005.

Sovetskaia istoricheskaia entsiklopediia / Ed. E.M. Zhukova. Vol. 5. Moscow, 1964; Vol. 11. Moscow, 1968; Vol. 14. Moscow, 1973.

ARCHIVES

Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan .

ONLINE RESOURCES

http://feb-web.ru/feb/rosarc/rac/rac-511-.htm.

http://oldtashkent.ru/grajdanskoe-obrazovanie/53-uchebnie-zavedeniya.html.

http://spgk.kz/nelya-buketova/197-vernenskaya-muzhskaya-gimnaziya.html.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.

page 191

Постоянный адрес данной публикации: