On November 25, 1935, the Presidium of the Central Election Commission of the USSR adopted a resolution on the establishment of a new state award - the Order of the Badge of Honor. Before that, in the first half of the 1930s, in the USSR, for labor valor, they were awarded three orders-Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor and, more rarely, the Red Star, and until April 1933 - also orders of the Union republics. The newly established order became the youngest in the family of labor awards of the USSR. It was awarded to "both individual citizens and collectives for high production indicators in industry, agriculture, transport, trade, for special achievements in research, cultural and sports activities, for introducing technical improvements and inventions of great economic importance in all areas of socialist construction, for merits in improving the quality of life of the population." combat capability of the Red Army and defense capability of the USSR " 1 . The need for such a badge of distinction was due to the massive labor heroism of the Soviet people and the variety of its specific manifestations.

The second five-year plan was underway. Every day of our lives brought news of new labor victories, gave birth to new heroes. The establishment of the Order of the Badge of Honor coincided with the beginning of the Stakhanov movement in our country. A week earlier, the First All-Union Conference of Stakhanovites ended in Moscow, which set the task of expanding this movement widely, turning it into a multi-million-strong movement that covers all branches of the national economy. The land of Soviets was moving forward. And in the drawing of the sign of the new award, the author of which was the artist of Goznak D. S. Golyadkin 2, the spirit of the times found a laconic expression: with unfurled red banners, on which the slogan "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" is inscribed, a worker and a worker walk with a firm step. This main element of the composition is reminiscent of the famous sculpture created in those years by V. I. Mukhina "Worker and Kolkhoznitsa", which became a symbol of the union of the Soviet working class and the peasantry.

The day after the order was established, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, noting "the exceptional merits of the Red Army Song and Dance ensemble of the Central House of the Red Army named after M. V. Frunze in the cultural service of Red Army soldiers and commanders, workers and collective farmers", awarded it to 13 people - leaders, singers, dancers and accordion players of the ensemble 3 . First on the list was the name of P. I. Ilyin, the head of the ensemble, Honored Artist of the RSFSR. The first awards were presented at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Election Commission of the USSR on December 27, 1935. Order No. 1 was received from the hands of M. I. Kalinin by the chairman of the Batyr collective farm in the Yangiyul district of the Uzbek SSR A. Tillyabayev 4, who achieved twice the planned cotton yield 5 .

Among the leading cotton growers of the Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik SSR, Kazakh and Karakalpak ASSR, who received the Order of the Badge of Honor that day, was Mukum Sultanov, chairman of the collective farm "Kzyl Yulduz" in the Koktash district of the Tajik SSR. In the 1930s, his name was widely known not only in Central Asia. Arbakesh (carrier) from Termez, a scout of the Red Army, and then a commander of a volunteer detachment, Sultanov was awarded the badge of the Central Executive Committee of the Tajik ASSR back in 1927 for his active struggle against Basmachism. In 1930, the commander of the dobrotryad organized a collective farm from his soldiers. Already in the spring of the following year, the Dehkans again had to pick up rifles, which were used as a weapon for fighting.-

1 NW OF the USSR, 1935, ed. 1, N 24, article 223.

2 Orders and medals of the USSR. Photo album, Moscow, 1982, p. 24.

3 NW OF the USSR, 1935, ed. 2, N 31, article 176.

4 TsGAOR USSR, f. 3316, op. 12, d. 726, l. 2ob.; Orders and medals of the USSR, p. 24.

5 NW OF the USSR, 1936, department 2, N 1, Article 16.

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yes, Basmachian gangs poured across the Soviet border. Red Army units, Chekists, and volunteer detachments smashed one gang after another. The Krasnopalochniki people's militia came to their aid. Three months later, the remnants of the Basmachi fled to the mountains. But their leader, Ibrahim Bey, was hiding in the border villages. On June 23, Sultanov and three dobrotryad soldiers, with the active help of collective farmers, seized the leader of the Basmachi who was trying to leave the cordon 6 . Direct participants in this operation were awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and Sultanov, in addition, was awarded the title of National Hero of Tajikistan.

Returning to peaceful labor, the collective farmers under Sultanov's leadership achieved great success in cotton growing. By 1935, the collective farm "Kzyl Yulduz" had become one of the leading farms in the republic. He fulfilled the plan to hand over raw cotton to the state by 250%, 7 and the chairman of the collective farm was awarded a government award for the second time. Soon Sultanov was promoted to the post of People's Commissar of local industry of Tajikistan, then he was elected Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR, held other responsible positions, and was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. 8 Sultanov's merits were highly appreciated: the two pre-war orders were eventually supplemented by the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Red Banner of Labor and three Orders of the Badge of Honor (he became one of the few four-time recipients of this order).

Even before the end of 1935, the Order" Badge of Honor " was awarded to more than 400 leading agricultural workers, military personnel of the Navy, workers, participants of long-distance crossings (a popular form of involving workers in the physical culture movement and military sports training at that time). In total, in the pre-war years, more than 14.5 thousand people became cavaliers of this order .9
For many, the Order of the Badge of Honor was not the first award. They were often awarded in cases where the distinguished person already had other labor orders of the USSR (the statutes of the orders provided for re-awarding the same order, but in practice they preferred to award new orders for new merits). So A. N. Tupolev, the designer of the ANT-25 aircraft, became a knight of the Order of the Badge of Honor, on which the Chkalovsky crew in 1936 made a non-stop flight from Moscow to Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka and then to Udd Island. In the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated August 13, 1936, it was specifically noted that Tupolev had already been awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Star, the Red Banner of Labor of the USSR and the RSFSR 10 . Among those awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor in 1936 were twice Red Banner commander of the artillery regiment V. I. Dimitrov, knight of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR, head of the NKPS command staff school F. I. Vnukov, commander of the electrical department of the Shch-123 submarine of the Pacific Fleet D. A. Kupryushin11.

However, for the overwhelming majority, the Order of the Badge of Honor was the first government award. On May 25, 1936, Lieutenant G. P. Kravchenko was awarded this order "for outstanding personal achievements in mastering combat aviation equipment" 12 . Three years later, Major Kravchenko, now Hero of the Soviet Union, was among the aces sent to Mongolia to repel the aggression of the Japanese militarists at Khalkhin Gol. This high rank was awarded to him on February 22, 1939, for the courage and heroism shown in air battles in the skies of China, where Soviet volunteer pilots fought against the Japanese invaders. And on August 29, 1939, Kravchenko was awarded the second Gold Star medal by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for his new feats in the performance of international duty in Mongolia, becoming one of the first twice Heroes of the Soviet Union .13 Then there were new fights, new awards. February 23

6 Border Troops of the USSR, 1929-1938. Collected papers. Moscow, 1972, pp. 197-200.

7 Izvestiya, 6. XII. 1935.

8 For more information about Sultanov's life and work, see: Za narodnoe delo. Issue 2. Dushanbe. 1974, pp. 138-146.

9 Kolesnikov G. A., Rozhkov A.M. Orders and Medals of the USSR, Moscow, 1983, p. 57.

10 NW OF the USSR, 1936, ed. 2, N 25, article 251.

11 Ibid., No. 18, Article 168; No. 25, Article 253; Kholostyakov G. N. Eternal Flame, Moscow, 1976, p. 102.

12 NW OF the USSR, 1936, ed. 2, N 22, article 211.

13 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1939, No. 33. In the Decree on awarding, the medal bears its original name: "Hero of the Soviet Union". Later, G. P. Kravchenko was awarded two Gold Star medals (Red Star, 5. XI. 1939).

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1943.in an air battle on the Volkhov front, Lieutenant General Kravchenko, who had thrown himself out of a downed fighter, did not open a parachute stitched with a machine-gun burst. On that day, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner, Orders of the Patriotic War II degree and "Badge of Honor", the Mongolian Order of the Red Banner of Battle was a little more than thirty. His ashes are buried in the Kremlin Wall 14 .

Chairman of the S. M. Budyonny collective farm (later renamed the XXI Congress of the CPSU collective farm) of the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region M. A. Posmitny, awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 7, 193915, was a private soldier during the Great Patriotic War. And he had military awards as a soldier - two medals "For Bravery". The name of Makar Anisimovich became widely known in the post-war years, when the collective farm under his leadership collected: high yields. The Order of Lenin was added to his first labor order and battle medals in 1948.

In 1949, Posmitny became a Hero of Socialist Labor. The veteran of collective farm construction received new awards almost every year: in 1950 and 1951-the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, in 1954-the Order of Lenin. Four years later, Posmitny was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle", and later - another Order of the Red Banner of Labor and the Order of the October Revolution. Hero of Socialist Labor Posmitny died twice in 1973, just a little short of the significant anniversary - half a century of his tenure as chairman of the collective farm. Founded in 1924 by Makar Anisimovich, the collective farm is currently named after him16 .

The Great Patriotic War, which ended the peaceful life of the Soviet people, was not only an epic of mass heroism on the battlefields unprecedented in history. The home front workers also worked for Victory in the most difficult conditions, showing miracles of heroism. A worthy assessment of their work during the incomplete four years of the war is about 66 thousand awards of the Order of the Badge of Honor 17 . It is noteworthy that the first recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honor during the war "for outstanding achievements in creating one of the types of weapons that raises the combat power of the Red Army" were engineer A. N. Dedov and Quartermaster of the 2nd rank N. S. Butorin18 . Then it remained a military secret, but now it is well known what weapons were discussed in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: these were BM-13 rocket launchers, which went down in history under the popular name "Katyusha". And the Decree was adopted on July 28, 1941, two weeks after the first successful combat test of these vehicles: on July 14, 1941, the battery of Captain I. A. Flerov fired a salvo of rocket shells at the Orsha railway station captured by the Nazis (for the first time as an air combat weapon, "eres" were used on Khalkhin Gol) 19 .

Among the first recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honor during the war - 47 employees of the fire department, police, volunteer fire brigades and local air defense, who distinguished themselves in repelling the raid of enemy aircraft on Moscow in July 1941; 54 employees of aviation and engine-building factories, awarded for increasing the production of combat aircraft and aircraft engines in the first weeks of the war, and many others. Among the 188 people awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor on January 18, 1942 "for exemplary performance of the Government's tasks in the production of artillery, small arms and military equipment" 20 was the locksmith-inventor P. M. Goryunov. His name didn't mean much then, even to the gunsmiths. But it is him, a talented inventor, an experienced designer-

14 About him, see: Heroes of the Fiery Years. Essays about Muscovites-Heroes of the Soviet Union. Book 6. Moscow, 1983, pp. 5-12; Abramov A. S. U Kremlevskoy steny, Moscow, 1978, pp. 250-252.

15 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1939, No. 6.

16 Pervaya Furrow, Moscow, 1981, pp. 118, 346; Soviet Orders and order documents from the collection of the Central Museum of the Revolution of the USSR. Catalog. Moscow, 1983, p. 55, 75, 115 - 116, 143, 183 - 184; see also: Posmitny M. A. In the Black Sea steppes, Moscow, 1961; Strelyany A. I. In the Big Family, Moscow, 1972.

17 Kolesnikov G. A., Rozhkov A.M. Uk. soch., p. 58.

18 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1941, No. 35.

19 Pobeda na reke Khalkhin-Gol. M. 1981, p. 99, 115; Afanasyev N. M. Pervye volpy (First volleys). M. 1982, p. 11.

20 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1942, No. 5.

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self-taught, managed to create a machine gun "SG", which replaced in 1943 and the veteran - "Maxim", and pre-war " DS " VA Degtyarev. Pyotr Maksimovich Goryunov, who was awarded the Order of Lenin for creating a new machine gun, did not live to see Victory Day, the State Prize of 1946 was awarded to him posthumously. The weapons created by him, having passed modernization, were in service with the Soviet Army until the 60s .21
The Order of the Badge of Honor is a peaceful, labor award. However, during the war years, it became a military order. On December 29, 1941, for example, it was awarded to Red Army commanders, state security officials, and civilians who distinguished themselves in the defense of Odessa. 22 Only in 1942, by decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 4 and 16, March 6, May 18 and September 1," for valor and courage shown in the partisan struggle in the rear against the German invaders", 170 partisans and partisans were awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor .23 Among them was the legendary Kovpak commissar S. V. Rudnev, who was awarded on May 18, 1942 for the first combat operations in the forests of Sumy region. Partisan life was not spoiled by frequent visitors from the Mainland, and the order was awarded to the commissar already in 1943. In a letter to his family, Semyon Vasilyevich reported: "There is a big holiday in the partisan detachment. Yesterday a member of the government flew in and brought the medals, and today (January 26, 1943 - S. M.) they were presented to us. Far from the motherland, in the deep rear of the enemy, our entire hromada was lined up, and 346 people received awards... I did not know at all, and this was a great surprise and joy for me - I received three orders at once: Lenin, the Red Banner and the Badge of Honor .24 Knight of four orders (he received his first Order of the Red Star before the war), Major General died a brave death during the Carpathian raid, and the title Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to him posthumously 25 .

In 1941, the award activity was decentralized in order to quickly present awards to persons who distinguished themselves in battles. The right to award military orders (including the Order of Lenin) and medals was granted to the Military Councils of fronts and armies. But the Order "Badge of Honor" throughout the war was awarded only by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The only exception to this rule is known: by order of the Military Council of the Karelian Front No. 075 of November 5, 1941, Junior Lieutenant I. M. Davydov was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor "for exemplary performance of combat tasks of the Command on the front of the fight against the German invaders and for valor and courage shown in this case". The award was approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 17, 194226 .

During the war years, the appearance of the Order of the Badge of Honor changed somewhat. On June 19, 1943, for all orders established before the war (with the exception of the Order of the Red Star), a pentagonal block with an order ribbon was introduced. For the Order of the Badge of Honor - a light pink ribbon with an orange stripe along the edges 27 .

Victory came on May 9, 1945. But for a long time in the decrees on awarding orders and medals of the USSR, one could find mention of the merits of those awarded during the great military suffering.

Over the next 40 years, more than 1 million awards of the Order of the Badge of Honor were made. The development of virgin land, flights into space, the construction of giant hydroelectric power stations, the creation of the Tyumen oil and gas producing region, the construction of KAMAZ and BAM-it is unlikely that there was such an outstanding event in the life of the Soviet country, the participants of which would not have been awarded the order established when such achievements were only dreamed of. The award decrees contain all the professions and specialties that exist in our society, as well as the names of thousands of collectives.

Established 50 years ago, this order, like other state awards, continues to be one of the moral incentives for the development of labor and socio-political activity of Soviet citizens, the struggle for the implementation of the tasks of improving developed socialism.

21 Martynchuk N. N. Delo zhizni, Moscow, 1975; Bolotin D. N. Sovetskoe strelkovoe obuzhenie, Moscow, 1983.

22 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1942, No. 3.

23 Ibid., NN 13, 16, 20, 37.

24 Rudnev S. V. The Legendary Raid (Diary of the Carpathian raid. Emails). Uzhgorod, 1967, p. 95.

25 Ibid., pp. 175-176; Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1944, No. 2.

26 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1942, No. 6.

27 Ibid., 1943, No. 23.

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