The main milestones in the biography of the outstanding Mongolian scholar and Buddhist figure, the oldest employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the long-term head of the Mongolian sector, Sanje Dantsikovich Dylykov, are as follows.

He was born on May 15, 1912 in the village of Kharashibir in the Zaigraevsky district of Buryatia in the family of a peasant. In 1932, he graduated from the Far Eastern University's Faculty of Oriental Studies with a degree in Chinese history and spent two years teaching at the Leningrad Oriental Institute. In 1934, he became a post-graduate student in Mongolia at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since that year, his entire creative life has been connected with Mongolian studies. Here he completed his postgraduate studies in 1938, and here, after a short break, he worked as a junior researcher, went through an excellent school, studying and collaborating with such luminaries of Mongolian studies as N. N. Poppe, S. A. Kozin, V. I. Pankratov, and Ts.Zh. Zhamtsarano.

In September 1941, S. D. Dylykov was sent to political work in the Red Army, during the war he served in the Far East, participated in the defeat of militaristic Japan. For military services, Colonel S. D. Dylykov was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War II degree, the Order of the Red Star and many medals.

After demobilization in June 1950, he returned to the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences and devoted himself entirely to scientific work, combining it with the duties of a scientific secretary until 1953. From 1953 to 1979, S. D. Dylykov was the head of the Mongolian Branch of the Institute of Internal Affairs of the Academy of Sciences. He and his colleagues, other Mongolists of the sector - I. Ya. Zlatkin, N. P. Shastina, G. I. Mikhailov, I. T. Vargin, A. M. Pechnikov, A. T. Yakimov-then formed the color and pride of Russian orientalism and made the Mongolian sector the center of Mongolian studies in the USSR.

It was during this period that the talent of S. D. Dylykov was revealed as an Orientalist of the broadest profile, a researcher and specialist in the history and culture of the Mongolian-speaking peoples, the national liberation movement in the East, the history and current situation of the Buddhist Church, as well as as a skilled organizer of science and educator of scientific personnel. The list of S. D. Dylykov's scientific works on all these problems includes many titles [Miliband, 2007, pp. 452-453].

He was one of the leading authors and a member of the editorial board of all three editions (1954, 1967 and 1983) of the collective Soviet-Mongolian work "History of the Mongolian People's Republic", which summarizes studies of the history of Mongolia from ancient times to the second half of the XX century. This publication received a state prize. S. D. Dylykov also took an active part in the creation of another generalizing collective Soviet-Mongolian work, The History of Soviet-Mongolian Relations (Moscow, 1981).

And S. D. Dylykov's first individual monograph "The Democratic Movement of the Mongolian people in China", published in 1953, became a sensation, a new word in science. In it, the author thoroughly traced all the vicissitudes of the struggle of the Mongols in Inner Mongolia for their national liberation, for joining the MNR.

He later developed this topic, enriched it with new materials, and added a full-fledged picture of the history of the formation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the PRC after the war in his doctoral dissertation.

But the main scientific interests and main achievements of S. D. Dylykov lay in a completely different area.

In 1981, he published Their Tsaaz (The Great Code) - code of Mongol-Oirat laws of 1640. These laws were adopted at the Dzungarian Congress of Mongol, Oirat and Kalmyk princes, according to the latest data, in the Ulaan-Bure tract on Tarbagatai in the possessions of the Khoshout (Oirat) ruler Ochirtu Taiji (Sanchirov, 2009, p. 14-18).

A number of articles of the" Code " had the character of a political agreement, a union treaty, alas, soon forgotten, which gave this monument special significance and attracted the attention of many researchers-historians, jurists, ethnographers, etc.

The most important works were written by F. I. Leontovich, I. Ya. Gurlyand, K. F. Golstunsky, and V. A. Ryazanovsky (Leontovich, 1879; Gurlyand, 1904; Golstunsky, 1880; Ryazanovsky, 1931). All these works, which were very significant for their time, are of course outdated, and we can say that there is no modern generalizing historical and legal study of this monument.

The merit of S. D. Dylykov is that his publication of the "Great Code" creates a solid source study basis for the appearance of such a work.

The novelty of S. D. Dylykov's publication lies in the fact that, unlike all previous editions of the lists and translations of the Mongolian-Oirat laws, and there were quite a few of them, and each of them was based on one of the well-known lists [Golman, 1959, pp. 139-162], he presented a consolidated Oirat text according to all five known lists of "Their Caaz", based on the most solid, so-called Beklemishevsky list ¹.

S. D. Dylykov published a Latin transliteration of the consolidated Oirat text "Their Tsaaz" and the Decrees of Galdan Boshiktu Khan, the Mongolian text of the monument reconstructed by him, and its transliteration.

The first place in the book is occupied by the translation of the consolidated text with extensive comments. To date, this is, in fact, the last and perhaps the most accurate translation of all 197 articles of "Their Caaz" and two decrees of Galdan, and this is its enduring significance.

"Their Tsaaz" as a code of norms of estate and household law, which regulated all aspects of public life in Mongolia, was in force in Mongolia until the publication of the legal collection "Khalkha Jirum" in 1709 and partially until the compilation of the "Mongolian Code of the Chinese Chamber of Foreign Relations" in 1789; in both of these publications, separate articles "Their Tsaaz" were used.".

In 1963, Sanje Dantsikovic turned to the publication "Khalkha Jiruma" - the most valuable monument of Mongolian feudal law of the XVIII century: it contains rich material on the socio-economic system, legal relations and ethnography of Mongolia. It includes all the main laws and regulations adopted at the congresses of the largest Mongol rulers headed by Tushetu Khan, Tsetsen Khan, Dzasaktu Khan and others from 1709 to 1770. These laws and regulations, along with the "Code of the Chinese Chamber of External Relations" of 1789, regulated the internal life of the Khalkha until the overthrow of Manchu rule in 1911, and among the shebinars of the Urginsky Bogdo-gegen, they were valid until the liquidation of the shebiven department in 1925. [Khalkha Jirum..., 1965].

The study of "Khalkha-Jirum" was carried out by many scientists, among whom S. D. Dylykov highlights the monograph of the Mongolian researcher S. Zhalaan-Aazhava "Khalkha-Jirum - an ancient legal monument of Mongolia" [Zhalaan-Aazhava..., 1958].

The merit of Sanje Dantsikovich is that he pulled out of oblivion the consolidated Mongolian text and the translation of Khalkha Jirum, made by the famous Buryat scholar Ts. Zh. Zhamtsarano in 1933-1937. and took on the difficult task of preparing the text for publication according to the editorial board of the Russian translation with appropriate notes. As a result, science received a full-fledged publication of this monument, which has now become easily accessible for study by both Mongolian and legal experts.

However, Sanja Danzikovich apparently did not find enough Mongolian legislation to study. And he performs a real labor feat: having come out for a well-deserved rest in 1992 and being a seriously ill person, he nevertheless prepared for publication and a year before his death published not the Mongolian, but the Manchu laws for the Mongols, adopted in 1627-1694 and included in the Tsaajin Bichig code-the Mongolian code published on the basis of by order of the Qing Emperor Kanei (1654-1727) in 1696 in Manchu, Chinese, and Mongolian (Tsaajin Bichig, 1998).

¹ The list was sent to the Board of Foreign Affairs by Colonel Beklemishev, commander of a detachment of Cossacks under the Kalmyk Khan Tseren Donduk. V. Bakunin made the first translation of "Their Tsaaz" into Russian from it in 1734-1737.

S. D. Dylykov was unable to find either the Manchu or Chinese lists; they were most likely lost, and therefore the publication was based on a single list of the Mongolian text stored in the manuscript collection of the State Public Library of Mongolia, in contrast to "Their Tsaaz" and "Khalkha Jirum". Nor have there been any special studies of this first official code of laws for the Mongols, which contains 152 articles - the norms of civil, criminal and customary law that governed the Qing rule of law in Mongolia for almost the entire XVIII century.

We can say that S. D. Dylykov was a pioneer here, and he deserves the credit of introducing this remarkable monument into scientific circulation. In general, major works - "Their Tsaaz", "Khalkha Jirum", "Tsaajin Bichig" - which are indispensable for studying the social system, legal relations, ethnography and everyday life of the Mongols of the XVII-XVIII centuries, are forever inscribed in the golden fund of world Mongolian studies.

But the scientist's scientific heritage is not limited to them: he also wrote numerous articles, reports, and speeches on cardinal problems of the history and historiography of Mongolia.

S. D. Dylykov was an excellent organizer and a real "baksha" teacher, his efforts brought up many domestic and foreign, including Mongolian, social scientists and Mongolists.

For his great scientific achievements and contribution to the training of personnel and the development of friendly relations and cooperation between Russia and Mongolia, S. D. Dylykov was elected a foreign professor of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, awarded the Mongolian Order "Polar Star" and the national "Badge of Honor".

S. D. Dylykov gained world fame both as a scientist and as a vice-president of the World Brotherhood of Buddhists. In this guise, he traveled all over the Buddhist world, most of the Asia-Pacific region, and represented our country with dignity at numerous international scientific, socio-political and religious forums.

During all the years of his retirement, the Honored Scientist of the Republic of Buryatia S. D. Dylykov continued to work fruitfully both in the scientific and social spheres. And even after suffering a serious illness and the untimely loss of his wife and son, he showed extraordinary courage and worked until his last breath, leaving us 400 pages of his memoirs in manuscript.

Yes, he was a talented and wonderful person, friendly, life-loving, he was able to ignite people with his optimism, instill confidence in their abilities, support and help them. He was a loyal husband and a loving father who raised two wonderful daughters.

We, the Mongolists, have had the great fortune to work under his leadership for many years, to communicate closely and cooperate with S. D. Dylykov, to draw from the treasury of his knowledge and rich life experience, and to learn from his selfless work for the benefit of science.

And we will never forget it!

M. I. GOLMAN

LIST OF LITERATURE COURSES

Qacq'a Jirum. Traduit en russe par Dr. Zamcarano. Улаанбаатар, 1959.

Golstunsky K. F. Mongol-Oirat laws of 1640. Additional decrees of Galdan Khan taiji and laws drawn up for the Volga Kalmyks under the Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi. St. Petersburg, 1880.

Golman M. I. Russian translations and lists of the Mongol-Oirat laws of 1640. Mongolian collection. Economy. History. Archeology, Moscow, 1959.

Gurlyand I. Y. Steppe legislation from ancient times to the 17th century. Kazan, 1904.

Жалаан-Аажав. Халх Джирум бол Монголын хууль цаазын Эрхнийдурсгалт бичиг. Улаанбаатар, 1958.

Leontovich F. I. On the history of the law of Russian Foreigners (Tsaadzhin Bichig). Odessa, 1879.

Miliband S. D. Orientalists of Russia. XX-the beginning of the XXI century: Biobibliographical dictionary, Moscow, 2007.

Ryazanovsky V. A. Mongolian law, mostly customary. Harbin, 1931.

Sanchirov V. G. Historical significance of the Dzungarian Congress of Mongol and Oirat princes 1640 // Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanitarian Studies , No. 2. Elista, 2009.

Khalkha Jirum. Monument of Mongolian feudal law of the XVIII century. Summary text and translation by Ts. Zh. Zhamtsarano. Preparation for publication, translation revision, introduction. and notes by S. D. Dylykova, Moscow, 1965.

Tsaajin Bichig (Mongolian Code). Qing legislation for the Mongols 1627-1694. Mongolian text, transliterated. mong. text, translated and commented by S. D. Dylykova, Moscow, 1998.

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